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List Of People On Multiple Governing Boards

List of people on multiple governing boards

The following is a list of people on multiple governing boards. This scope includes the board of trustees, the board of governors, and the board of directors of companies, corporations, universities, colleges, and other organizations or institutions.

7 boards

- Sam Nunn - Center for Strategic and International Studies, ChevronTexaco, Coca-Cola Company, Dell Computer, General Electric, Internet Security Systems, and Scientific-Atlanta

5 boards

- Peter Godsoe - Barrick Gold Corporation, Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, Onex Corporation, Rogers Communications, and Sobeys

4 boards

- Don Mazankowski - ATCO Ltd., Power Corporation of Canada, Shaw Communications, and Weyerhaeuser

3 boards

- Charlene Barshefsky - American Express, Estée Lauder Companies Inc., and Intel
- Derek Burney - CanWest Global Communications, Quebecor World Inc., and Shell Canada
- Richard Currie - Bell Canada Enterprises, CAE, and Petro-Canada
- Anthony Fell - Bell Canada Enterprises, CAE, and Loblaw Companies Ltd.
- Vernon Jordan Jr. - American Express, Dow Jones & Company, and Lazard Ltd.
- Gary L. Wilson - CB Richard Ellis, Northwest Airlines, and The Walt Disney Company

2 boards

- James Cash, Jr. - General Electric, Microsoft
- George Cohon - Astral Media, Royal Bank of Canada
- Paul Godfrey - Astral Media, CanWest Global Communications
- Ed Lumley - Bell Canada Enterprises, Magna International
- Brian Mulroney - Barrick Gold Corporation, Quebecor Inc.
- Dick Olver - BAE Systems, Reuters
- Richard Parsons - Estée Lauder Companies Inc., Time Warner
- Paul Pressler - Estée Lauder Companies Inc., Gap, Inc.
- Robert Prichard - George Weston, Ltd., Onex Corporation
- Robert D. Walter - American Express, Viacom

Board of trustees

The word trustee is a legal term that refers to a holder of property on behalf of some other beneficiary. An express trust can be set up either to benefit particular persons, or for any charitable purposes (but not for non-charitable purposes): typical examples are a will trust for the testator's children and family, a pension trust (to confer benefits on employees and their families), and a charity. In all cases, the trustee may be any person or persons, including companies, and whether or not a prospective beneficiary.

General duties of trustees

Trustees may be appointed by operation of law, when their powers will arise by common law or by statute. For example, a person who knowingly takes possession of trust funds will be liable as a trustee; and a joint holder of property may be a statutory trustee for sale. Trustees can only act jointly and unanimously, unless provision is made for voting, a quorum or delegation. Their powers to delegate their decisions are limited. In case of difficulty an application to the Court must be made. The trustee is entrusted with the administration of the trust property, and may be given additional discretionary powers to select beneficiaries. With respect to most private trusts, the trustee holds legal title to the trust property, is the representative of the trust, and has the capacity to sue and be sued on behalf of the trust.

Necessary traits of trustees

The responsibilities of a trustee can be onerous, although honest trustees are normally indemnified out of the trust assets. A trustee carries the fiduciary responsibility and liability to use the trust assets according to the rules of the trust instrument (and often regardless of his own or the beneficiaries' wishes). The trustee may find himself liable to claimants, prospective beneficiaries, or to third parties. In the event that a trustee incurs a liability (for example, in litigation, or for taxes, or under the terms of a lease) in excess of the trust property he holds, he may find himself personally liable for the excess. Thus, at least in theory, a member of a small charity committee could unwittingly risk his family assets. Trustees are generally held to a "prudent person" standard in regard to meeting their fiduciary responsibilities, though investment, legal, and other professionals can be held to a higher standard commensurate with their higher expertise. Trustees can be paid for their time and trouble in performing their duties only if the trust specificly provides for payment. It is common for lawyers to draft will trusts so as to permit such payment, and to take office accordingly: this may be unnecessarily expensive for small estates. In the case of charitable or other trust corporations, the company itself is a trustee and the term "Trustee Board" is frequently used of the board of directors. The company holds the trust property and liabilities separately from the individual trustee-directors, and confers limited liability on them. The members of the board are generally known as trustees, although they remain liable as directors under company law, and as directors are naturally responsible for their acts and omissions in directing the charity. For practical purposes, the members of the board perform the duties of trustees, but the powers of the charity are delegated and exercised subject to the charity's procedural articles or regulations.

Other uses

Many other corporations call their governing boards a board of trustees, though in those cases, they act as a board of directors. To some extent, the fiduciary duties of a director to the company are comparable with those of a trustee. In the case of UK charities, a trustee is an unpaid volunteer who undertakes fiduciary responsibilites on behalf of the charity, subject to the provisions of Charity Law, a branch of trust law, and the [http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1993/Ukpga_19930010_en_1.htm Charities Act 1993]. For charity trustees, the Charity Commission often has concurrent jurisdiction with the Courts. Many UK charities are also limited liability companies registered with Companies House, in this case the trustees are also Directors of the company and their liability is limited. This is the prefered model if the charity owns property or employs people. Trustee is also a term used for a prison inmate who has special work-related privileges, usually as a result of good behavior.

UK Legislation

:[http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1999/19990015.htm Trustee Delegation Act 1999] specifically covers matters to do with land. :Trustee Act 1925 :[http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/1996047.htm#aofs Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996] :[http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/20000029.htm#aofs Trustee Act 2000] :[http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1993/Ukpga_19930010_en_1.htm Charities Act 1993]

References

- Fontaine, C. JD, LLM, CLU, ChFC (2004) Fundamentals of Estate Planning. The American College Press Category:Management Category:Corporate governance

Board of governors

A Board of governors is usually the governing board of a public entity. Many public services, such as universities or Federal independent agencies are created as corporations owned by the government. The British Broadcasting Corporation is managed by a board of governors. In other cases, government services are provided by "independent establishments," which provide an environment mixing a corporation and a government agency. These, such as the United States Postal Service are governed by a board of governors. A more well known example is the Federal Reserve System, which is also governed by a board of governors. In the United States, public universities may have a similar governement known as a board of regents. Some private corporations, typically nonprofit corporations, may style their governing boards as boards of governors.

Company (law)

A company is, in general, any group of persons (known as its members) united to pursue a common interest. The term is thus synonymous with association, but more often it is used specifically to identify associations formed for profit, such as the partnership, the joint-stock company, and the for-profit corporation. A company is not necessarily a corporation, and thus may not have a separate existence from its members. A company might also not be able to sue or be sued in its own name, and thus would not be considered to be a legal person. Whether a company has either of these characteristics depend on the law of the jurisdiction. For example, in UK law, a company is a legal person with a separate identity from its members, and thus would be a form of corporation. Such companies can be formed with only one member, who need not be (though usually is) a director or secretary. Such companies must have at least one director and a company secretary, and a sole director cannot also be company secretary. Directors and company secretaries can be either individuals or corporate entities, and there are almost no nationality and residence restrictions, although there must be an office within the UK, registered with Companies House. The most important legislation governing company law is found in the Companies Act 1985 and to a lesser extent the Companies Act 1989. Several documents are required under UK law in order for an incorporation to occur. Amongst these is the memorandum of association. Although associations of persons carrying on business must have existed from time immemorial, the oldest continually-operating business in existence is Japanese firm Kongo Gumi, which was founded in the sixth century.

Corporations

A corporation is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a natural person. Civil law systems may refer to corporations as "moral persons;" they may also go by the name "AS" (anonymous society) or something similar, depending on language (see below). In colloquial usage, "corporation" usually refers to a commercial entity set up in accordance with a governmental framework. Churches (mainly in US, but not so much in other countries, where Churches have a different status), interest groups (both can form as not-for-profit corporations or can exist as voluntary associations), cities and townships (often chartered as public corporations), among others, may also have historically lengthy corporate identities.

Legal status

The law typically views a corporation as a fictional person, a legal person, or a moral person (as opposed to a natural person); United States law recognises this as corporate personhood. Under such a doctrine (obviously a legal fiction), a corporation enjoys many of the rights and obligations of individual citizens, such as the ability to own property, sign binding contracts, pay taxes, have certain constitutional rights, and otherwise participate in society. (Note that corporations do not possess all the rights appertaining to individuals: in most jurisdictions, for example, a corporation cannot vote.) In common law countries, the classic statement of this principle is found in Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915], where Lord Haldane said: :"My Lords, a corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind of its own any more than it has a body of its own; its active and directing will must consequently be sought in the person of somebody who is really the directing mind and will of the corporation, the very ego and centre of the personality of the corporation." The most salient features of incorporation include: #Limited Liability. Unlike in a partnership, stockholders of a corporation hold no liability for the corporation's debts and obligations: see leading case in common law, Salomon v. Salomon & Co.. As a result their "limited" potential losses cannot exceed the amount which they paid for the stock. Not only does this allow corporations to engage in risky enterprises, but limited liability also forms the basis for trading in corporate stock. Without the limitation on the amount that an investor can lose, the time and effort required to determine whether the stock could wipe the investor out would render the stock market very illiquid (as one can observe in the very illiquid market for partnership interests). A lender can, however, require a personal guarantee on a loan to a corporation, thus introducing personal liability. #Perpetual Lifetime. The assets and structure of the corporation exist beyond the lifetime of any of its shareholders, officers or directors. This allows for stability of capital, which thus becomes available for investment in projects of a larger size and over a longer term than if the corporate assets remained subject to dissolution and distribution. This feature also had great importance in the medieval period, when land donated to the Church (a corporation) would not generate the feudal fees that a lord could claim upon a landholder's death. In this regard, see Statute of Mortmain. #Profit Maximization. In Anglo-American jurisdictions, business corporations are generally required to serve the best interests of the shareholders, a rule that courts have generally interpreted to mean the maximization of share value, and thus profits. Corporate directors are prohibited by corporate law from sacrificing profits to serve some other interest. Originally this included such areas as environmental protection, or the improvement of the welfare of the community. For example, when Henry Ford cut dividends and reduced car prices in order to increase the number of people who could afford to buy his cars, his brother-in-law, Mr. Dodge, a shareholder, sued him for having harmed profitability: Dodge v. Ford Motor Company, 170 N.W 688 (Mich.S.C. 1919). Mr. Dodge succeeded and went on to form his own car company with the proceeds of the suit. However, modern law by statutes and court decisions holds that a corporation does have an implied authority to make charitable contributions to society.

Ownership and control

Humans and other legal entities (such as trusts and other corporations) can hold shares. When no stockholders exist, a corporation may exist as a "non-stock corporation", a "membership corporation", or similar — this second type of corporation counts as a not-for-profit corporation. In either category, the corporation comprises a collective of individuals with a distinct legal status and with special privileges not vouchsafed to ordinary unincorporated businesses, to voluntary associations, or to groups of individuals. Typically, a board of directors governs a corporation on the stockholders' behalf. The board has a fiduciary duty to look after the interests of the corporation. The corporate officers such as the CEO, president, treasurer, and other titled officers are chosen by the board to manage the affairs of the corporation. Corporations can also be controlled (in part) by creditors such as banks. In return for lending money to the corporation, creditors can demand a control interest analogous to that of a shareholder, including one or more seats on the board of directors. Creditors are not said to "own" the corporation as shareholders do, but can outweigh the shareholders in practice, especially if the corporation is experiencing financial difficulties and cannot survive without credit. Shareholders in a corporation are said to have a "residual interest." Should the corporation end its existence, the shareholders are the last to receive its assets, following creditors and others with interests in the corporation. This can make investment in a corporation risky; however, the risk is outweighed by the corporation's limited liability, which ensures that the shareholder will only be liable for the amount they invested.

Formation

Historically, corporations were created by special charter of state governments. Today, corporations are usually registered with a state, and become regulated by the laws enacted by that state. Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation's assumption of limited liability. As part of this registration, it must designate the principal address of the corporation (where to contact it in the event of legal process), and often an agent or other legal representative of the corporation. Generally, a corporation files articles of incorporation with the government, laying out the general nature of the corporation, the amount of stock it is authorized to issue, and the names and addresses of directors. Once the articles are approved, the corporation's directors meet to create bylaws that govern the internal functions of the corporation, such as meeting procedures and officer positions. The law of the state in which a corporation operates will regulate most of its internal activities, as well as its finances. If a corporation operates outside its home state, it is often required to register with other governments as a foreign corporation, and is almost always subject to laws of its host state pertaining to employment, crimes, contracts, civil actions, and the like.

Naming

Corporations generally have a distinct name. Historically, corporations were named after their membership: for instance, "The President and Fellows of Harvard College." Nowadays, corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to their membership. In Canada, this possibility is taken to its logical extreme: many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all, merely numbers (e.g., "Ontario 123-4567 Limited"). In most countries, corporate names include the term "Corporation", or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity. See Types of corporations for a full list. These terms, known as words of limitation, obviously vary by jurisdiction and language. Their use puts all persons on constructive notice that they have to deal with an entity whose liability remains limited, in the sense that it does not reach back to the persons who constitute the entity; one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls at the time one obtains a judgment against it. Certain jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "company" alone to denote corporate status, since the word "company" may refer to a partnership or to a sole proprietorship, or even, archaically, to a group of not necessarily related people (for example, those staying in a tavern).

Unresolved issues

The nature of the corporation continues to evolve, both through existing corporations pushing new ideas and structures, and governments regulating them in response to new situations. A current question is that of diffused responsibility: for example, if the corporation is found liable for a death, then how should the blame and punishment for this be allocated across the shareholders, directors, management and staff of the corporation? The present law diffuses this responsibility. One may think that the owners of the business - the shareholders - should be ultimately responsible for such circumstances, but the modern corporation may have many millions of small-scale shareholders who know nothing about its business activities. Worse still, traders - especially hedge funds - may rapidly turn over their partial ownership of a corporation many times a day. One suggestion is that the directors should be passed the burden of moral and legal responsibility as part of their job of representing the shareholders. This is currently an active area of debate.

Origins

Etymology

The word "corporation" derives from the Latin corpus (body), representing a "body of people"; that is, a group of people authorized to act as an individual (Oxford English Dictionary). The word universitas also used to refer to a group of people but now refers specifically to a group of scholars (see University). In the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, the term corporation was also used for the local government body in charge of a borough. This style was replaced in most cases with the term council in the United Kingdom in 1973, and in the Republic of Ireland in 2001. The sole exception is the Corporation of London which retains the title.

Pre-modern corporations

Corporations have been present in some forms as far back as Ancient Rome. Although devoid of some of the core characteristics by which corporations are known today, they nonetheless were enterprises, sanctioned by the state, with a form of shareholders who invested money for a specific purpose. With the collapse of the Roman Empire, the rise of Christianity and the influx of Germanic tribes, the Roman conception of the corporation merged with other views. Germanic tribes, for example, maintained that a group entity in and of itself could have a separate identity from that of its members. These influences came together in the body of canon law built around the conception of the church as corporate structure in the Middle Ages. Different theories of the church as corporate body were favored by different individuals but all agreed on one key component: that the church was more than just its members and could maintain an existence perpetually, regardless of the death of any individual member. This, together with discussion as to the relationship between the head of a corporation (such as the Pope) and its members, contributed not only to the development of modern corporations and corporate theory but also set the stage for many ideas that would come to fruition during the enlightenment. Kenneth Pomeranz, an economic historian, argues that the need to perform pseudo-governmental operations (such as the waging of war) accounts for the development of this economic structure in Europe but not in China or in the Middle East. Older corporate entities gained incorporation as "the person/people of xx". This reflected the people who made up the "body" and also emphasised their legal identity. The law classifies a corporation either as a corporation sole (one person) or as a corporation aggregate (any other number). Examples include (the link gives the legal name; the nickname appears in brackets with the nature of the corporation)
- The Governor and Company of the Bank of England (Bank of England — corporation aggregate)
- The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Cambridge (Cambridge University — corporation aggregate)
- The President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard College — corporation aggregate)
- Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Zealand (New Zealand Government — corporation sole)
- The Archbishop of Canterbury (corporation sole)
- The Dean, Chapter and Students of the Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford of the Foundation of King Henry VIII (Christ Church, Oxford — corporation aggregate) Using strict definitions, universities and colleges count as corporations since they merely comprise groups of people.

Development of modern commercial corporations

college, dating from 7 November 1623, for the amount of 2,400 florins]] Early corporations of the commercial sort were formed under frameworks set up by governments of states to undertake tasks which appeared too risky or too expensive for individuals or governments to embark upon. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the Stora Kopparberg mining community in Falun, Sweden, reportedly obtained a charter from King Magnus Eriksson in 1347. Many European nations chartered corporations to lead colonial ventures, such as the Dutch East India Company, and these corporations came to play a large part in the history of corporate colonialism. In the United States, government chartering began to fall out of vogue in the mid-1800s. Corporate law at the time was very restrictive and very closely regulated by the states. Forming a corporation usually required an act of legislature. Investors generally had to be given an equal say in corporate governance, and the corporation's activities were tightly restricted to its express purposes. Many private firms in the 19th century avoided the corporate model for these reasons (Andrew Carnegie formed his steel operation as a limited partnership, and John D. Rockefeller set up Standard Oil as a trust). Eventually, state governments began to realize the economic value of providing more permissive corporate laws. New Jersey was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state. Delaware followed, and soon became known as the most corporation-friendly state in the country; even today, most major public corporations are set up under Delaware law. The 20th century saw a proliferation of enabling law across the world, which helped to drive economic booms in many countries before and after World War I. After World War II, and especially starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state-owned corporations moved toward privatization, the selling of publicly-owned services and enterprises to private, normally corporate, ownership. Deregulation - reducing the public-interest regulation of corporate activity - often accompanied privatization as part of an ideologically laissez-faire policy. Another major postwar shift was toward conglomerates, in which large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base. Japanese firms developed a horizontal conglomeration model, the keiretsu, which was later duplicated in other countries as well. While corporate efficiency (and profitability) skyrocketed, small shareholder control was diminished and directors of corporations assumed greater control over business, contributing in part to the hostile takeover movement of the 1980s and the accounting scandals that brought down Enron and WorldCom following the turn of the century. More recent corporate developments include downsizing, contracting-out or out-sourcing, off-shoring and scoping down activities to core business, as information technology, global trade regimes, and cheap fossil fuels enable corporations to reduce labour costs, transportation costs and transaction costs, and thereby maximize profits. For a history of corporations that is “pro-corporate”, see John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, The Company: a Short History of a Revolutionary Idea (New York: Modern Library, 2003). For a history of corporations that is “critical”, see Joel Bakan, The Corporation. The pathological pursuit of profit and power (Toronto: Viking Canada, 2004).

Types of corporations

For-profit and non-profit

Main article: non-profit organization In modern economic systems, the corporate conventions of governance commonly appear in a wide variety of business and non-profit activities. Though the laws governing these creatures of statute often differ, the courts often interpret provisions of the law that apply to profit-making enterprises in the same manner (or in a similar manner) when applying principles to non-profit organizations — as the underlying structures of these two types of entity often resemble each other.

Closely-held and public

The institution most often referenced when the word "corporation" is used, as in the title of the movie The Corporation, is a public or publicly traded corporation, the shares of which are traded on a public market (e.g., the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq) designed specifically for the buying and selling of shares of stock of corporations by and to the general public. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations. However, the majority of corporations are said to be closely held, privately held or close corporations, meaning that no ready market exists for the trading of ownership interests. Many such corporations are owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople or companies, although the size of such a corporation can be as vast as the largest public corporations. The affairs of publicly traded and closely held corporations are similar in many respects. The main difference in most countries is that publicly traded corporations have an additional burden of complying with securities laws, which (especially in the U.S.) grant further rights to stockholders to protect them from fraud or unfairness in connection with the sale and purchase of stock. The publicly traded corporation must usually follow much more stringent disclosure requirements, and sometimes additional procedural obligations in connection with major transactions (e.g. mergers) or events (e.g. elections of directors).

Multinational corporations

Following on the success of the corporate model at a national level, many corporations have become transnational or multinational corporations: growing beyond national boundaries to attain sometimes remarkable positions of power and influence in the process of globalising. The typical "transnational" or "multinational" may fit into a web of overlapping ownerships and directorships, with multiple branches and lines in different regions, many such sub-groupings comprising corporations in their own right. Growth by expansion may favour national or regional branches; growth by acquisition or merger can result in a plethora of groupings scattered around and/or spanning the globe, with structures and names which do not always make clear the structures of ownership and interaction. In the spread of corporations across multiple continents, the importance of corporate culture has grown as a unifying factor and a counterweight to local national sensibilities and cultural awareness.

National features

There are various types of corporations throughout the world.

United States

In the United States, several corporate forms exist; the name of "corporation" generally applies to a business, run for profit, to which one of the states of the United States has granted a corporate charter. American corporations often charter as a Delaware Corporation in Delaware, which charges no tax on activities outside the state and has courts experienced in commercial law. Corporations set up for privacy or asset protection often charter in Nevada, which allows setting them up with no record of who owns them. The federal government of the United States usually does not grant corporate charters, except for some special instances such as Amtrak and Freddie Mac and banks and credit unions which opt not to receive charters from their home states. Historically, most U.S. states issued charters for fixed lengths of time (for example, a manufacturing corporation might receive a charter good for 40 years), and only by an act of the legislature. In theory, a limited charter forced corporations to remain accountable to government (that is, to the community) for the special privileges granted to them. Investors protested that it actually led to unhealthy amounts of political payoffs and graft. Most states now charter unlimited-term corporations for a small fee, and possibly for a yearly tax. Legally, corporations are accorded some corporate personhood, i.e. Constitutional rights similar to those held by persons. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on this question in the 1886 case Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad. Many countries around the world now have corporate laws based upon state laws from the United States. For example, corporations in Japan are organized under a variant of the corporate law of Illinois, and corporations in Saudi Arabia follow corporate laws copied from New York. The oldest corporation in the United States, and the oldest in North America, is the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), chartered in 1650.

Canada

In Canada both the federal government and the provinces have corporate statutes, and thus a corporation may have a provincial or a federal charter. Many older corporations in Canada stem from Acts of Parliament passed before the introduction of general corporation law. The oldest corporation in Canada, and second oldest in North America, is the Hudson's Bay Company, chartered in 1670. Federally recognized corporations are regulated by the Canada Business Corporations Act

German-speaking countries

Germany, Austria and Switzerland recognize two forms of corporation: the Aktiengesellschaft (AG), analogous to public corporations in the English-speaking world, and the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH), similar to (and an inspiration for) the modern limited liability company.

Corporate taxation

In many countries, including the United States and United Kingdom, corporate profits are taxed at a corporate tax rate, and dividends paid to shareholders are taxed at a separate rate. Such a system is sometimes referred to as "double taxation," because any profits distributed to shareholders will eventually be taxed twice. One solution to this (as in the case of UK tax system) is for the recipient of the dividend to be entitled to a tax credit which addresses the fact that the profits represented by the dividend have already been taxed. The company profit being passed on is therefore effectively only taxed at the rate of tax paid by the eventual recipient of the dividend. Where a double taxation system exists, the additional tax burden is often an incentive for smaller businesses to organize in the form of a partnership, limited liability company, or other type of entity that is not separately taxed. Such entities are often called "pass-through entities." In the United States, business corporations owe taxes according to two basic categories. A "C corporation" must pay corporate taxes, while "S corporations" pay no corporate taxes but instead pass profits and losses directly to their owners (the stockholders) who declare such profits and losses as part of their personal taxable income. An S corporation must generally have no more than 100 stockholders, who must be natural persons (not other corporations or entities), must reside in the United States, and must consent to the classification; moreover, the S corporation can only issue a single class of stock. As a result of these restrictions, all publicly traded corporations and many larger close corporations have C corporation status. Certain kinds of investment companies are also exempt from corporate income taxes, provided they distribute almost all of their income to shareholders in the form of dividends or capital gains distributions.

Other commercial entities

Several other forms of business entity exist under the laws of various countries. These include:
- Partnership
- Limited partnership (LP)
- Limited liability partnership (LLP)
- Limited liability company (LLC)
- Sole proprietorship

Quotes

- Corporations have neither bodies to be punished, nor souls to be condemned, they therefore do as they like. —Lord Thurlow
- An ingenious device for obtaining individual profit without individual responsibility. —"Corporation" as defined by Ambrose Bierce in The Devil's Dictionary
- The opinion of the Court, after mature deliberation, is that this [a corporate charter] is a contract, the obligation of which cannot be impaired without violating the Constitution of the United States. —Chief Justice John Marshall, Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819).

External links

- [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Corporations.html Corporations] — article by Robert Hessen
- [http://www.company-formation-glossary.co.uk Company Formation Glossary]
- [http://www.ukcorporator.co.uk/guidance/G59.php Standard UK Company Formation Configurations]
- [http://www.gangsofamerica.com/ Gangs of America by Ted Nace] — A free book on historical and legal bases of Corporations Category:Business law Category:Corporations law Category:Legal entities Category:Types of companies ko:주식회사 ja:株式会社

Colleges

The term college (Latin collegium) is most often used today to denote an educational institution. The precise usage of the term varies among English-speaking countries. However, it can be the name of any group of colleagues; originally it meant a group of people living together under a common set of rules (con-, "together" + leg-, "law"). As a consequence members of colleges were originally styled "fellows" and still are in some places.

United Kingdom

British usage of the word "college" remains the loosest, encompassing a range of institutions:
- certain public schools for children such as Eton and Winchester
- certain secondary schools, particularly "sixth form colleges", where students (ages 16-18) finish their secondary education, and some specialist schools
- the constituent parts of some universities (see below)
- university colleges — independent higher education institutions that have been granted degree-awarding powers but not university status.
- colleges of further education and adult education.
- professional associations such as the Royal College of Organists, the Royal College of Surgeons and other various Royal Colleges.
- the College of Justice or Court of Session of Scotland

Universities and colleges

Oxford and Cambridge

The two ancient universities of England: Oxford and Cambridge (collectively termed Oxbridge), are federations of autonomous colleges. While many of the Student Affairs functions are housed in the colleges, each college is more than a residence hall. In addition to accommodation, meals, common rooms, libraries, sporting and social facilities for its students, each college admits students to the University and, through tutorials or supervisions, contributes to the work of educating them. The faculties at each university provide lectures, central facilities such as libraries and laboratories, and examines for and awards degrees. Academic staff are commonly employed both by the university (typically as lecturer or professor) and by a college (as fellow or tutor), though some may have only a college or university post. Nearly all colleges cater to students studying a range of subjects. Since the colleges are all fully independent legal entities owning their own buildings, employing their own staff, and managing their own endowments, colleges vary widely in wealth. It is entirely possible for some colleges to be in better financial health than the universities of which they are a part. Typically a student or fellow of an Oxbridge college is said to be "living in college" if their accommodation is inside the college buildings. Most colleges also accommodate students in houses or other buildings away from the college site.

University of Durham

The University of Durham is also collegiate in nature, and its colleges enjoy the same legal status as 'listed bodies' as the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge. Generally, however, its colleges are not financially independent and do not have any teaching duties as part of the university, though they do provide meals, libraries, computers, and recreational facilities for their members.

University of Edinburgh

The University of Edinburgh recently restructured and created colleges along academic lines merging the old Faculties into larger bodies, and devolving control for most matters to academic schools.

University of St Andrews

The University of St Andrews is legally a collegiate University, having two colleges: the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard and St Mary's College. However, each college exists in name only and the power they once held is now vested in the Academic Senate and the Faculties of Arts, Divinity, Medicine and Science.

University of Wales

In the University of Wales, colleges are the lower tier of institutional membership, below constituent institutions, following the reorganisation of the university in 1996. Prior to this, the member institutions were all called colleges. There are not currently any colleges in the University of Wales, but this is likely to change in the future.

New Universities

Three of the New Universities, Lancaster, York and Kent, have a similar system, although their colleges lack the legal status of those at Durham and Oxbridge. Officially, the University of London consists of a number of colleges. However, the federation has always been even looser there than at Oxford or Cambridge, to the extent that each of these "colleges" is essentially an independent university-level institution.

United States of America

By contrast to British usage, in American English the term "college" is generally reserved for institutions of higher education, which are often totally independent and fully empowered to grant degrees. The usual practice in America today is to call an institution made up of several faculties and granting a range of higher degrees a "university" while a smaller institution only granting bachelor's or associate's degrees is called a "college". (See liberal arts colleges, community college). Nevertheless, a few of America's most prestigious universities, such as Boston College, Dartmouth College and the College of William and Mary, have retained the term "college" in their names for historical reasons though they offer a wide range of higher degrees. This problem led, in part, to the threatened lawsuit between Yale College Wrexham (equivalent to an American 'high school') and Yale University, the latter claiming copyright infringement. Usage of the terms varies among the states, each of which operates its own institutions and licenses private ones. In 1996 for example, Georgia changed all of its four-year colleges to universities, and all of its vocational technology schools to technical colleges. (Previously, only the four research institutions were called universities.) Other states have changed the names of individual colleges, many having started as a teachers' college or vocational school (such as an A&M — an agricultural and mechanical school) that ended up as a full-fledged state university. It should be noted, too, that "university" and "college" do not exhaust all possible titles for an American institution of higher education. Other options include "institute", "academy", "union," and "school" as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology [http://www.mit.edu], United States Military Academy at West Point, New York [http://www.usma.edu], Cooper Union, or the Juilliard School. The term college is also, as in Britain, used for a constituent semi-autonomous part of a larger university but generally organized on academic rather than residential lines. For example, at many institutions, the undergraduate portion of the university can be briefly referred to as the college (such as The College at Brown or Harvard College at Harvard) while at others each of the faculties may be called a "college" (the "college of engineering", the "college of nursing", and so forth). Some American universities, such as Rice, Princeton and Yale, do have residential colleges along the lines of Oxford or Cambridge, but the name was clearly adopted in homage to the British system. Unlike the Oxbridge colleges, these residential colleges are not autonomous legal entities nor are they typically much involved in education itself, being primarily concerned with room, board, and social life. At the University of California, San Diego, however, each of the six residential colleges does teach its own core writing courses and has its own distinctive set of graduation requirements.

The origin of America's usage

The founders of the first institutions of higher education in the United States were graduates of Oxford and Cambridge. The small institutions they founded would not have seemed to them like universities — they were tiny and did not offer the higher degrees in medicine and theology. Furthermore, they were not composed of several small colleges. Instead, the new institutions felt like the Oxbridge colleges they were used to — small communities, housing and feeding their students who were instructed by residential tutors (see United Kingdom/Universities and Colleges above). However, when the first students came to be graduated, these "colleges" proceeded to assume (without any recognized authority) the right to confer degrees upon them. In Europe only universities could grant degrees. Presumably the leaders of Harvard College (which granted America's first degrees in 1642) thought of their college as the first of many residential colleges which would grow up into a New Cambridge university. However, over time, no new colleges were founded; and Harvard grew and added higher faculties. Eventually, it changed its title to university, but the term "college" had stuck and "colleges" had sprung up all over America.

British and American usage contrasted

The most confusing aspect of the conflict between the British and American terminology arises from the colloquial use of the word "college" by Americans. Where a British person (or indeed, most people around the world) would say "attend university", the American instead says, "go to college" — even if he is referring to a something formally called a university. In Britain, aside from usage in reference to collegiate universities as detailed above, to attend "college" would usually be accepted as meaning one attends a technical college or a specific sixth form institution (NB. Most state schools and public schools in Britain have sixth forms, but there are a number of sixth form specific institutions). However, in the States, the student at the enormous University of Michigan still calls it his "college". Similarly, the institution that administers many standardized admissions tests in the US is known as the College Board. Thus to the American, the word "college" refers not only to an institution but to a phase in one's life. Anywhere else in the world that phase is called "university". However, this phase itself varies somewhat around the world, which can lead to confusion even when the terminology is understood. Two outstanding features of the American version are universality and breadth: #nearly half of all Americans attend at least one year of "college", so the word is more natural, less remarkable, than "university" might sound abroad. At the less-academic end of the scale, American universities award a great many degrees for professional training which might be accomplished on-the-job elsewhere. #at the more-academic end of the scale, on the other hand, many American college students (especially at the most elite institutions) see "college" as a time of intellectual exploration which can be accomplished free from any need to prepare for the future, believing graduate school to be the time for that. The American system, by permitting students to spend some of their time in classes entirely removed from their major field of study, forces much less specialization and focus than is common in the rest of the world. Hence "college" is less dryly academic than "university" might sound abroad. Furthermore, a great many students in American universities and colleges live either in institution-run dormitories or in neighborhoods made up largely of student apartments. Hence one's college years involve a quite distinct kind of living arrangement between the family home and the first adult apartment. For all these reasons, "college" as a phase-in-life between childhood and adulthood has become very important culturally in America, perhaps more so than in the rest of the world.

The rest of the English-speaking world

Influenced by their origins in the British Empire, and by modern American pop culture, the rest of the English-speaking world seems to have adopted a mix of their practices.

Australia

In Australia, the term "college" can refer to an institution of tertiary education that is smaller than a university, run independently or as part of a university. Following a reform in the 1980s many of the formerly independent colleges now belong to a larger university. Many private high schools that provide secondary education are called "colleges" in Australia. The term can also be used to refer to residence halls, as in the United Kingdom, but compared to the UK their tutorial programs are relatively small-scale and they do no actual teaching towards academic degrees (with the exception of one or two that host theological colleges). Additionally, in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, "college" refers to the final two years of high school (years eleven and twelve), and the institutions which provide this. In this context, "college" is a system independent of the other years of high school. (Here, the expression is a shorter version of matriculation college.) All college courses in the ACT are sanctioned by the Board of Senior Secondary Studies, or BSSS.

Canada

In Canada, the term "college" usually refers to a community college or a technical, applied arts, or applied science school. These are post-secondary diploma-granting institutions, but they are not universities, and typically do not grant degrees. In Quebec, it can refer in particular to CEGEP (Collège d'enseignement général et professionnel, "college of general and professional education"), a form of post-secondary education specific to the Quebec education system that is required in order to continue onto university, or to learn a trade. The Royal Military College of Canada is a full-fledged degree-granting university, but does not follow the naming convention used by the rest of the country. The term "college" also applies to separate entities within a university (usually referred to as "affiliated colleges" and "federated colleges"), akin to the residential colleges in the United Kingdom. These colleges act independently, but in affiliation or federation with the university that actually grants the degrees. For example, Trinity College was once an independent institution, but later became federated with the University of Toronto, and is now one of its residential colleges. It should be noted that, unlike in the United States, there is a strong distinction between "college" and "university" in Canada. In conversation one specifically would say either "I'm going to university" (i.e., studying for a three- or four-year degree at a university) or "I'm going to college" (suggesting a technical or career college). Similarly, the term "college professor" does not hold nearly the same prestige in Canada as it does in the United States (whereas "university professor" does). In Toronto, Ontario, a government-run secondary school is generally called a “collegiate institute” (C.I.), a complicated form of the word “college” which avoids the usual “post-secondary” connotation. Some private secondary schools choose to use the word “college” in their names nevertheless. (See Toronto for examples of secondary schools called “colleges”.)

Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, the term "college" is usually limited to an institution of tertiary education, but the term is quite generic within this field. University students often say they attend "college" rather than "university", with the term college being more popular in wider society. This is possibly due to the fact that, until 1989, no university provided teaching or research directly. Instead, these were offered by an constituent college of the university, in the case of the National University of Ireland and University of Dublin — or at least in strict legal terms. A limited number of secondary education institutions use the word college to describe or name themselves, but this tends to be the exception. The state's only ancient university, the University of Dublin, is really English in its origins and, until recently, its outlook. Created during the reign of Elizabeth I, it is modeled on the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. However, only one constituent college was ever founded, hence the curious position of Trinity College, Dublin today. For a time, degrees in Dublin Institute of Technology were also conferred by the university. However, that institution now has its own degree awarding powers and is considering applying for full university status. Among more modern foundations, the National University of Ireland, founded in 1908, consisted of constituent colleges and recognised colleges until 1997. The former are now referred to as constituent universities — institutions that are essentially universities in their own right. The National University can trace its existence back to 1850 and the creation of the Queen's University of Ireland and the creation of the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854. From 1880, the degree awarding roles of these two universities was taken over by the Royal University of Ireland, which remained until the creation of the National University in 1908 and the Queen's University of Belfast. The state's two new universities Dublin City University and University of Limerick were initially National Institute for Higher Education institutions. These institutions offered university level academic degrees and research from the start of their existence and were awarded university status in 1989 in recognition of this. These two universities now follow the general trend of universities having associated colleges offering their degrees. Third level technical education in the state has been carried out in the Regional Technical College network since 1970. These institutions are now referred to as Institutes of Technology, and some have delegated authority that entitles them to give degrees and diplomas in their own name. Initially these institutions offered only National Certificate and National Diploma courses. Now they also offer academic degrees at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Other types of college include Colleges of Education. These are specialist institutions, often linked to a university, which provide both undergraduate and postgraduate academic degrees for people who want to train as teachers.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the term "college" mostly refers to secondary schools. It is also used for some tertiary institutions (e.g., Shue Yan College, or United College of the Chinese University of Hong Kong), or a residence hall of a university (as in British usage, e.g., St. John's College of the University of Hong Kong).

India

The term university is more common than college in India. Generally, colleges are located in different parts of a state and all of them are affiliated to a regional university. The colleges offer programmes under that university. Examinations are conducted by the university at the same time for all colleges under its affiliation. There are several hundred universities and each university has affiliated colleges. The first liberal arts and sciences college in India was the Presidency College, Kolkata (estd. 1817) (initially known as Hindu College). The first Missionary institution to impart Western style education in India was the Scottish Church College, Calcutta (estd. 1830). The first modern university in India was the University of Calcutta (estd. January 1857). The first research institution for the study of the social sciences and ushering the spirit of Oriental research was the Asiatic Society, (estd. 1784). The first college for the study of Christian theology and ecumenical enquiry has been the Serampore College (estd. 1818). The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are specialized institutions that award their own degrees. They are premier institutes in India. There are only seven of them at present. Of late the government has been establishing Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) as specialized centres of excellence in the rapidly emerging field of Information Technology. They have been setup to educate professionals for the booming technology oriented market.

Singapore

The term "college" in Singapore is generally only used for pre-university educational institutions called "Junior Colleges", which provide the final two years of secondary education (equivalent to sixth form in English terms or grades 11-12 in the American system). Since 1 January 2005, the term also refers to the three campuses of the Institute of Technical Education with the introduction of the "collegiate system", in which the three institutions are called ITE College East, ITE College Central, and ITE College West respectively. The term "university" is used to describe higher-education institutions offering locally-conferred degrees. Institutions offering diplomas are called "polytechnics", while other institutions are often referred to as "institutes" and so forth.

New Zealand

In New Zealand the word "college" normally refers to a newer secondary school for ages 13 to 17. In contrast, most older schools of the same type are "high schools", and "high schools". Also, single-sex schools are more likely to be "Someplace Boys/Girls High School", but there are also very many coeducational "high schools". There is no distinction between "high schools" and "colleges". Some older schools are more collegiate in nature, however: Christ's College, Canterbury is still in theory organised as a body of fellows, and was a college of the Universities of New Zealand and Canterbury. Wellington College also enjoys its right to be named a College by virtue of its affiliation with the former University of New Zealand. The constituent colleges of the former University of New Zealand (such as Canterbury University College) have become independent universities. Some halls of residence associated with New Zealand universities retain the name of "college", particularly at the University of Otago (which although brought under the umbrella of the University of New Zealand, already possessed university status and degree awarding powers). The institutions formerly known as "Teacher-training colleges" now style themselves "College of education". Essentially the pattern of usage found in the United Kingdom is followed in New Zealand (refer: Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, R.A.C. of Physicians etc.).

The non-English-speaking world

Some languages beyond English use words similar to "college". (French, for example, has the Collège de France.) However, in other languages, confusion is most likely to arise when an American is reading something translated by someone using British conventions, or vice versa.
- In Germany a Hochschule is an institute of tertiary education. "College" is a more proper term to use than a direct translation: Hochschule literally means "high school". German secondary education often takes place in an institution called in German an Oberschule, with its specific forms Hauptschule, Realschule, Gymnasium, and in some states also Gesamtschule, together with vocational secondary education in Berufsschule (in North Rhine-Westphalia called Berufskolleg). The term Kolleg (literally: college) is used in some states for institutions of adult education where graduates of a Berufsschule can graduate with an Abitur. A Graduierten-Kolleg is a German Graduate school.
- In Sweden the term "university college" is used as an official English translation for högskola, a term used for independent educational institutions providing tertiary, but not quaternary education. Similarly to the situation in Germany, the Swedish term högskola literally means "high school". The same term is also used for a number of institutions which function as specialized universities rather than as university colleges, providing quaternary education and conducting research (such as Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, the Royal Institute of Technology).
- In China, Japan, Korea and other East Asian nations, colleges and universities are collectively named 大學 or in simplified writing 大学, which is a word originally introduced by Confucius with his influential book of the same name. The original word and subsequently the book's title is most frequently translated to "The Great Learning". Today's pronunciation of this word is country- and sometimes region- specific and includes daxue and daigaku. In Japan, daigaku is usually considered distinct from senmon gakkou (専門学校), which is more of a post-secondary vocational school. In China, the college students are selected through the annual National College Entrance Examination.
- In Belgium, the term college is used for institutes of secondary education, more in particular for Catholic schools (official secondary schools are called atheneum). For tertiary education, the difference is made between hogeschool (which literally means high school) and university. With the current reform of higher education under the Bologna process, the hogeschool institutions now offer professional bachelor's degrees (three years study in one cycle) as well as master's degrees (four years study in two cycles). Universities offer academic master's degrees (four to five years study in two cycles). Recent government measures have brought the hogeschool institutions to associate with an university in order to academize their curriculum and to get involved in applied research projects.
- In France, collège generally refers to a middle school or junior high school. However, it can also be used in a manner more similar to that of English, such as in the term electoral college or the Collège de France. The latter use, though, is not as common.
- In Greece the term college is mainly used to refer to private secondary education institutions (high schools and junior high schools), while Πανεπιστήμιο (University) is the term utilized for Higher Education.
- In the Netherlands the term college is used for institutes of secondary education. The term college is also used for classes or lectures at university.
- In the French speaking part of Switzerland and also on the border to the Swiss German speaking part (i.e. in Fribourg) the French term “Collège” (German: Kollegium) is used for the Gymnasium (10th to 13th grade) which lends to the matura.

References

Category:Academia Category:Educational stages Category:School types th:วิทยาลัย

Institutions

: institution

Center for Strategic and International Studies

The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is a Washington, D.C.-based foreign policy think tank. Founded in 1964 originally as part of Georgetown University, CSIS is a fully independent and bipartisan institution that conducts policy studies and strategic analyses on political, economic and security issues.

Structure

The current president and CEO of CSIS is John Hamre, former Deputy Secretary of Defense. He has held the position since April 2000. The Chairman of the Board of Trustees is Sam Nunn, a former Democratic Senator from Georgia and longtime chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services. Its board of trustees includes many former senior government officials including Henry Kissinger, Zbigniew Brzezinski, William Cohen, and Brent Scowcroft. CSIS has a staff of approximately 220.
- [http://www.csis.org/index.php?option=com_csis_experts&Itemid=46 Listing of Experts]

Funding

For 2004, CSIS had an operating budget of $22 million, 85 percent of which is funded from corporate, foundation and individual contributions. The remainder comes from endowments, publication sales and government contracts.

Goals and description

In order to guide the policymaking community, CSIS focuses on all aspects of foreign and security policy, particularly by examining emerging trends and long-term effects of both global and regional issues. This includes analyzing developments within specific geographic areas, such as in the Middle East or Russia, as well as globally, such as terrorism, homeland security, energy, trade and technology.

External links

- [http://www.csis.org/ Official site] Category:Foreign policy and strategy thinktanks

Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company is an international beverage and food manufacturer whose headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States of America. It is best known for its flagship product, Coca-Cola.

Products and brands

Coca-Cola to offer an alternative to dieters worried about the high number of calories present in Classic Coke.]] Main article: Coca-Cola brands The company produces many other soft drinks, including other varieties of Coca-Cola such as Diet Coke (introduced in 1982), which uses aspartame, a synthetic phenylalanine-based sweetener, to eliminate the sugar content of the drink; Caffeine-free Coke; Cherry Coke (1985); Diet Cherry Coke (1986); Coke with Lemon (2001); Diet Coke with Lemon (2001); Vanilla Coke (2002); Diet Vanilla Coke (2002); Diet Coke with Lime (2004); Diet Coke with Splenda (2005) and Coca-Cola Zero (2005) Tab was Coca-Cola's first attempt to develop a diet soft drink, using saccharine as a sugar substitute. Introduced in 1963, the product is still sold today, however its sales have dwindled since the introduction of Diet Coke. The Coca-Cola Company also produces a number of other soft drinks including Fanta (introduced circa 1942 or 1943) and Sprite. Fanta's origins date back to World War II when Max Keith, who managed Coca-Cola's operations in Germany during the war, ran out of the ingredients for Coke, which could be supplied only from the United States. Keith resorted to producing a different soft drink, Fanta, which proved to be a hit, and when Coke took over again after the war, it adopted the Fanta brand as well. During the 1990's the company responded to the growing consumer interest in healthy beverages by introducing several new non-carbonated beverage brands. These included Minute Maid Juices to Go, Powerade sports beverage, Cool from Nestea (in a joint venture with Nestle), Fruitopia fruit drink and Dasani water, among others. In 2004, perhaps in response to the burgeoning popularity of low-carbohydrate diets such as the Atkins Diet, Coca-Cola announced its intention to develop and sell a low-carbohydrate alternative to Coke Classic, dubbed C2 Cola. C2 contains a mix of high fructose corn syrup, aspartame, sucralose, and Acesulfame potassium. C2 is designed to more closely emulate the taste of Coca-Cola Classic. Even with less than half of the calories and carbohydrates of standard soft drinks, C2 is not a replacement for zero-calorie soft drinks such as Diet Coke. C2 went on sale in the US on June 11 2004, and in Canada in August 2004. Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drink in most countries. Nevertheless, there are some places like Scotland, where the locally produced Irn-Bru is more popular, and Quebec and Prince Edward Island, Canada, where Pepsi is the market leader. Coke is less popular in other places, including some Middle Eastern and Asian countries such as India—in the latter, due to suspicions regarding the health standards of the drink. The Coca-Cola Company owns numerous brands and trademarks. Probably the most well-known besides Coca-Cola, Coke, and their various spin-offs are Sprite, Fanta, Tab, Minute Maid, Fruitopia, Powerade, Dasani, Barq's and Mello Yello (see Coca-Cola brands).

List of brands

The company is most commonly associated with its eponymous flagship product Coca-Cola. However, it also manufactures many other widely marketed and consumed products, and bottles and distributes other soft drink brands. Some of the other more recognizable brands in their case volume are:
- Alhambra - drinking water
- Bacardi Mixers - a co-branded product with the Bacardi rum manufacturer
- Barq's - root beer
- Carvers
- Cristal - champagne
- Crush - orange soft drink (excluding the USA, Canada, Mexico, Australia, and most of Europe)
- Dasani - bottled water
- Dr Pepper - soft drink it is made by Dr. Pepper/Seven up (not a Coca-Cola product in parts of the USA, Canada, Mexico, Australia, and parts of Europe)
- Fanta - sub-brand of several fruit flavored soft drinks
- Fresca - grapefruit diet soft drink
- Fruitopia - non-carbonated soft drinks
- Full Throttle - citrus-flavored energy drink
- Hi-C - juice drink sub-brand
- Kinley - tonic
- Kuat - guarana soft drink in Brazil
- Lift - fruit juice soft drink
- Mello Yello - citrus soda (being phased out)
- Minute Maid - juice brand and sub-brand of fruit-flavored soda which contains some fruit juice
- Mr. Pibb - soft drink (is a coke product in the US)
- Odwalla
- Powerade
- Qoo - non-carbonated drink
- Sprite - lemon-lime flavored soft drink
- Surge - citrus soda (discontinued)
- TaB - diet soda
- Vault - citrus soda (replacement for Mello Yello and very similar to Surge) [http://www2.coca-cola.com/brands/brandlist.html Full List of Coca-Cola brands]

Failures

The company has had several failed branding attempts, including:
- Dasani, in the United Kingdom
- New Coke
- OK Soda

Criticisms

As the largest seller of soft drinks in the world, the Coca-Cola Company has been the subject of various allegations, such as monopolistic practices, reliance on low health standards, racist employment practices, and the assassination of union members, as well as critiques of the company's products and trade practices. Coca-Cola has recently been denounced in the UK for weaning young children onto junk food. In India, the corporation has provoked a number of boycotts and protests as a result of its perceived low standards of hygiene and adverse impact on the environment. In Colombia, the company is alleged to be responsible for 179 major human rights violations, including nine murders.

Coca-Cola in India

Coca-Cola was banned from import in India in 1970 as a result of the corporation's refusal to release the list of its ingredients. In 1993, the ban was lifted in pursuance of India's Liberalization policy. Soon after the relaunch, a study led by the Center for Science and the Environment (CSE), an independent scientific laboratory in New Delhi, found that Coca-Cola (along with competitor Pepsi) contained residues of dangerous pesticides at levels some thirty times the prescribed Indian and European norms. There were instances of substandard bottling practices by the company; the notorious discovery of a dead lizard inside a sealed Coca-Cola bottle was widely publicized. Environmental degradation in the form of depletion of the local ground water table due to the utilization of natural water resources by the company posed a serious threat to many communities. Finally, there were suspicions surrounding the addictive nature of the drink. As the company refused to disclose the exact ingredients, this remains a matter of speculation. In response to these allegedly unethical practices, several non-governmental organizations launched anti-Coca-Cola campaigns in India. In addition, the Coca-Cola production facility in Kerala has been blamed for a drastic decline in both quantity and quality of water available to local farmers and villagers. The plant has the capacity to draw 1.5 million liters of water from the ground each day. As water is viewed as a public good in India, there is no regulatory agency to challenge this. Reacting to villager complaints that water supplies had rapidly dwindled and were murky (several tests suggest that the water was undrinkable), the High Court in Kerala ruled in 2003 that the plant could only use as much water as any other landowner with 34 acres (140,000 m²) in the region. The case has been appealed and a decision is pending. Coca-Cola has setup a page to rebut these charges at [http://www.cokefacts.org/ this site]. On 7 December 2004, India's Supreme Court ruled that both Coca-Cola and competitor Pepsi must label all cans and bottles of the respective soft drinks with a consumer warning, after tests showed unacceptable levels of residual pesticides. Both companies continue to maintain that their products meet all international safety standards.

Coca-Cola bottlers and trade unions

Coca-Cola bottler Panamco has been criticized for its relationship with unions. In Colombia, it has been alleged that the bottling company hired paramilitary mercenaries to assassinate union leaders. In January 2004, the New York City Fact-Finding Delegation on Coca-Cola in Colombia [http://www.killercoke.org/report.htm] [http://www.nynewsnetwork.com/Article.php?article=City+Council+Delegation+to+Colombia+Reports.xml] confirmed the workers' allegations. They found: :To date, there have been a total of 179 major human rights violations of Coca-Cola's workers, including nine murders. Family members of union activists have been abducted and tortured. Union members have been fired for attending union meetings. The company has pressured workers to resign their union membership and contractual rights, and fired workers who refused to do so. :Most troubling to the delegation were the persistent allegations that paramilitary violence against workers was done with the knowledge of and likely under the direction of company managers. The physical access that paramilitaries have had to Coca-Cola bottling plants is impossible without company knowledge and/or tacit approval.... Critics argue that, whatever their source, these assassinations seem to have been helpful to Coca-Cola in eliminating troublemakers from their bottling plants. The bottler and The Coca-Cola Company deny these allegations. In July 2004, the United Steelworkers of America and the International Labor Rights Fund filed suit in US court against Coca-Cola and some bottlers in Colombia on behalf of their workers. According to the plaintiffs, the companies "hired, contracted with or otherwise directed paramilitary security forces". The companies deny the charges. The SINALTRAINAL trade union, which represents the majority of workers at Coca-Cola bottling plants in Colombia, called for an international boycott of Coca-Cola products in the summer of 2003. In October of that year, the Students' Union in University College, Dublin, the largest university in Ireland, controversially decided to ban the sale of Coca-Cola products (in the Student Union shops; Coca-Cola is still available from vending machines and other non-SU controlled outlets on campus) as a result. A later attempt to reverse the ban at UCD failed, and the boycott has spread to other colleges in Ireland, most notably Trinity College, Dublin and the National College of Art and Design, as well as a number of bars and restaurants. Motions in support of the boycott have been passed by the Union of Students in Ireland, which represents the 250,000 students on the island of Ireland, as well as the Teachers' Union of Ireland and the Irish National Teachers Organization and a number of other trade unions and political organizations. The boycott is opposed by some branches in the SIPTU trade union (who represent the majority of Coca-Cola workers in Ireland) and by the Coca-Cola Company themselves. The example set in Ireland has spread across the world, with the National Union of Students in Britain voting to support the boycott in April 2005. UNISON, the largest trade union in the UK, also voted to support the boycott at its 2004 National Delegate Conference. ECOSY, the European Young Socialists, a federation of youth wings of all the mainstream socialist and social democratic parties in the EU, voted to support the boycott in March 2005 following a motion from the Irish Labour Youth delegation. Campuses and labor and trade unions in the United States, Italy, France and Canada, amongst others, are also campaigning for the boycott to spread. In the 1980s, Guatemala also suffered a spate of mysterious murders of union-affiliated Coca-Cola employees. At one point, paramilitary mercenaries violently occupied a factory. Eventually, after pressure from several organizations worldwide, the conflict was ended when the corporation appointed a new franchise operator who brokered a deal with the union. There have been troubled (but slightly less publicized) relations between the company and unions in other parts of the world, notably the Philippines, Zimbabwe, and even the United States. In 2002, two Coca-Cola shareholders, the Christian Brothers, presented a resolution at the shareholders' meeting that called for Coca-Cola to adopt a code of conduct on bottling practices and employee relations. The shareholders rejected the resolution, despite the fact that it had received almost unanimous union support in the aforementioned countries.

Implications of doing business in Israel/Palestine

A common belief is that Coca-Cola supports Israel, or Palestine, depending on the proclivities of the urban mythologist. For example, a controversy arose in Egypt when a consumer mistook an Ethiopian inscription on a Coca-Cola bottle for Hebrew, sparking anger amongst Arab consumers of the drink. Coke's Egyptian manager reassured the press that the company would never open a bottling plant in Israel, thereby immediately escalating a local controversy almost to the status of an international incident. In truth, Coca-Cola had attempted to open a plant in Israel in 1949, but the Israeli government refused the permit, and the company did not push the issue further. A boycott began in the United States, leading to Coke's announcement that they would open a plant in Tel Aviv, which they did in April 1966. This caused fury amongst Arab consumers of Coca-Cola, who in turn—led by the Arab League (with the exception of Egypt, whose boycott only lasted till 1979)—boycotted Coke until 1991. Pepsi also suffered from boycotts in America after intentionally avoiding Israel. This controversy eventually subsided when Pepsi entered the Israeli market in 1992. [http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/israel.asp] In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks, rumors abounded that Coke supported Israel with donations. Although they turned out to be false, numerous calls were made for a boycott against Coca-Cola in the Middle East. However, as a substantial amount of Coca-Cola is produced in a plant in Ramallah, some believe that such boycotts would likely hinder rather than help the Palestinian cause. [http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/outrage/nocoke.htm] Along with McDonald's, Coca-Cola has become an international symbol of American culture, and especially of American consumerism. While the company still enjoys widespread popularity, some backlash has occurred, mostly in the form of boycotts in the Middle East. A French Tunisian, Tawfiq Mathlouthi, launched a new brand of cola drink, dubbed Mecca-Cola, to protest American foreign policy in the Middle East. The company donates 10% of its profits to Palestinian charities.

History

Palestinian]]

World War II

Coca-Cola had a controversial relationship with Nazism before and during World War II. The company adopted an apparent policy of ignoring the Nazis' practice of eugenics and anti-Semitism. Indeed, several of Coke's top executives in Germany were prominent Nazi members. The difficulty of shipping Coca-Cola concentrate to Germany eventually led to the creation of a new drink under the Coca-Cola brand, Fanta. When the United States entered World War II, Coke began to represent itself as a patriotic drink by providing free drinks for American soldiers. The American Army permitted Coca-Cola employees to enter the frontlines as "Technical Officers" when in reality they rarely if ever came close to a real battle. Instead, they operated Coke's system of providing refreshments for soldiers, who welcomed the beverage as a reminder of home. As the Allies advanced, so did Coke, which took advantage of the situation by establishing new franchises in the newly occupied countries. The popularity of the drink exploded in the wake of World War II as American soldiers returned home, more grateful than ever to partake of a beverage that had become synonymous with the American way of life. In the 1930s, Robert W. Woodruff became president of the Coca-Cola Company, presiding over the drink and its destiny till his death in 1985. Although he eventually stepped down from his post due to stress, he retained control over the company despite holding positions with an ostensibly low profile. His fanatical devotion to Coke was widely reported, and even in his old age, whenever he stopped by a Coke vendor, he would count how many bottles in the trash belonged to Coca-Cola. This almost devout dedication to the product spilled over to other executives in the company. In recent years, Rick Bronson, a truck driver for Coca-Cola, was fired for drinking a Pepsi(some allege it was actually over his involvement with unions). He was reinstated after a high-profile protest.

Santa Claus

Santa Claus in his current guise (particularly his red and white attire) is commonly thought to have been created by the Coca-Cola Company in the 1930s, but this is false. The modern image of Santa Claus was established by the 1920s, while the first of Haddon Sundblom's Santa Claus ads were not produced until the 1930s. The success of the Santa Claus ads was so great, however, that Santa Claus and Coca-Cola are closely associated to this day, and the "Coca-Cola Santa Claus" appears on company products during Christmas time.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of the Coca-Cola Company are: Herb Allen, Ronald W. Allen, Cathleen Black, Warren Buffett, Barry Diller, Neville Isdell, Donald Keough, Maria Elena Lagomasino, Donald McHenry, Sam Nunn, Pedro Reinhard, James Robinson, Peter Ueberroth, and James B. Williams.
- CEO: E. Neville Isdell (since June 2004)

Stock

The Coca-Cola Company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500.

Bibliography

- Pendergrast, Mark: For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It. New York: Basic Books, 2000 (second edition; ISBN 0465054684).
- Zyman, Sergio: The End of Marketing as We Know It. New York: HarperBusiness (1st edition (June 1, 1999) ISBN 0887309860).

External links

- [http://www.cocacola.com/ Company website]
- [http://xenon.stanford.edu/~liao/cokestory.html Bobby's Coca-Cola on the Web]
- [http://www.cokefacts.org/ CokeFacts.org] - Page by Coca-Cola on its work in Colombia
- [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CLASS/coke/coke.html Coca-Cola Goes to War] - Historical page about Coca-Cola

Critical Perspectives

- [http://www.cokewatch.org www.cokewatch.org] - Page by a Coca-Cola watchdog group
- [http://www.killercoke.org/ www.killercoke.org] - Page criticizing Coca-Cola's work in Colombia
- [http://www.indiaresource.org/ www.indiaresource.org] - Page criticizing Coca-Cola's alleged crimes in India Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Company

Dell Computer

Dell Inc. () is one of the the world's largest computer hardware companies, with more than 63,700 employees worldwide and global annual sales of $49.2 billion in 2004. Dell designs, manufactures, sells and supports a wide range of personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, personal digital assistants (PDAs), software, peripherals and more. According to the Forbes 500 2005 list, Dell ranks as the 28th largest company in the United States by revenue. In 2005, Dell was No. 1 on Fortune magazine's annual list of the nation's most admired companies, displacing Wal-Mart, which has held the top spot for the past two years and fell to No. 4. The company is headquartered in Round Rock, Texas, United States.

History

Michael Dell, while still a student at the University of Texas at Austin, founded the company as PC's Limited in 1984, to sell IBM-compatible computers built from stock components. He founded the company on the principle that by selling personal computer systems directly to customers, PC's Limited could best understand their needs and provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs. In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design (the "Turbo PC"), which contained an Intel 8088-compatible processor running at a speed of 8 MHz. It advertised the systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers, and custom-assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options. This offered buyers prices lower than those of retail brands, but with greater convenience than assembling the components themselves. Although not the first company to use this model, PC's Limited became one of the first to succeed with it. Dell dropped out of school to run the business full-time. The company grossed more than $6 million in its first year. In 1987, PC's Limited set up its first on-site-service programs in order to compensate for the lack of local retailers prepared to act as service centers. Also in 1987, the company set up its first operations in the United Kingdom, eleven more international operations followed within the next four years. In 1988, Dell's market capitalization grew by $30 million to $80 million on it's initial public offering day. The company changed its name to "Dell Computer Corporation" in 1988. In 1990, Dell Computer tried selling its products indirectly through warehouse clubs and computer superstores, but met with little success, and the company re-focused on its more successful direct-to-consumer sales model. In 1992, Fortune magazine included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the world's 500 largest companies. In 1999 Dell overtook Compaq to become the largest seller of personal computers in the United States of America. To recognize the company's expansion beyond computers, the stockholders approved changing the company name to "Dell Inc." at the annual company meeting in 2003. In March 2004 Dell attempted to expand by tapping into the multimedia and home entertainment markets with the introduction of televisions, handhelds, and digital jukeboxes. Dell has also produced Dell-brand printers for home and small-office use. On December 22, 2004, the company announced that it would build a new assembly plant near Winston-Salem, North Carolina; the city and county provided Dell with $37.2 million in incentive packages; the state provided approximately $250 million in incentives and tax breaks. In January 2005 the share of sales coming from international markets increased, as revealed in the company's press releases for the first two quarters of its fiscal 2005 year. In November 2005, BusinessWeek magazine published an article titled "It's Bad to Worse at Dell" about shortfalls in projected earnings and sales, with a worse-than-predicted third-quarter financial performance - a bad omen for a company that routinely underestimated its earnings. Dell acknowledged that faulty capacitors on the motherboards of the Optiplex GX270 and GX280 had already cost the company $300 million. Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Kevin Rollins attributed the bad performance partially to Dell's focus on low-end PCs. In an effort to improve support, Dell has opened a pilot-project of Dell-owned/operated technical support operating out of Edmonton, Alberta. Supporting both Dell and non-Dell hardware and software, this site has quickly begun taking over from outsourced call centers. Dell International Services functions as a support division of Dell. Dell International Services] Dell received a 100% rating in the third (2004) Corporate Equality Index released by the Human Rights Campaign group to evaluate gender-preference practices of commercial bodies in the United States of America. In February 2005, Dell appeared in first place in a ranking of the "Most Admired Companies" published by Fortune magazine. In October 2005, Dell International Services opened its Customer Call Center Operations in Manila, Philippines. The spoken accent of operators emerged as a customer-service issue. Some people believe that a Filipino accent more closely resembles an American accent than the accent used in India.

Products

American accent The corporation markets specific brand names to different consumer segments. It typically sells the OptiPlex, Latitude, and Precision names to medium-sized and large business customers, where the company's advertising emphasizes long life-cycles, reliability and serviceability. The Dimension, Inspiron, and XPS brands have an orientation towards consumers, students, and small home office environments, emphasizing value, performance and expandability. Dell recently re-introduced the Dell XPS brand to target the lucrative gaming market. Dell XPS desktop systems use silver (rather than the black cases found on newer Dell PCs). Dell has also expanded into non-computer products, including the Dell Digital Jukebox ("Dell DJ") (a portable digital audio player), USB keydrives, LCD televisions, Windows Mobile-powered PDAs, and printers. A de-coding of some Dell brand-names follows:
- OptiPlex, office desktop systems;
- Dimension, consumer desktop systems;
- Latitude, commercially-focused laptops;
- Inspiron, consumer laptops;
- Precision, high-performance office desktop systems and laptops;
- PowerEdge, larger corporate servers;
- PowerVault, direct attach and some network attached storage (NAS);
- Dell EMC, storage area networks;
- XPS, gaming equipment;
- Axim, PDAs utilizing Microsoft's Windows Mobile;

Software

Dell currently ships Microsoft Windows XP as the operating system of choice for most of its new computers, but it also offers Red Hat and SUSE for servers. Dell has sought to offer "bare-bones" computers without any pre-installed software - at significantly lower prices. Due to Dell's licensing contracts with Microsoft, customers can obtain such systems only upon request and Dell has to ship them with a FreeDOS disk included in the box and issue a so-called Windows refund or a merchandise credit after sale of the system at the "regular" retail price. On Dell's Windows machines, the manufacturer bundles a large quantity of software. Some have accused Dell of shipping spyware and claim that its technical support team have instructions not to support its de-installation. Dell openly supported offering Apple Computer's upcoming Intel version of its Mac OS X operating system, but to this point Apple has stated the OS will only run on Macintosh machines, and will not agree to licensing Mac OS X to Dell.

Corporate affairs

Business model

Dell sells all its products both to consumers and corporate customers, using a direct sales model via the Internet and the telephone network. Dell also showcases its consumer-oriented products at kiosks in major shopping malls. Dell maintains a negative cash conversion cycle through use of this model. The Internet has significantly enhanced Dell’s business model, making it easier for customers to contact Dell directly. Other computer manufacturers, including Gateway and Compaq, have adapted this same business model.

Corporate management

The company is run by its Board of Directors, which consists of nine people. Both Michael Dell, the founder of the company, and Kevin Rollins, the CEO, are on the board. Other board members include Donald Carty, William Gary, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles and Sam Nunn. The nine board members are elected at shareholders' meetings, and those who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. There are usually five committees within a board of directors which have oversight over more specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues with the company including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposing mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters including nomination of the board; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws. There are several other aspects to the corporate structure and management of Dell. The Dell Global Executive Management Committee sets the strategic direction for how they keep customers at the forefront, from designing and manufacturing computer systems to offering products that meet customers' requirements to providing the sufficient service and support. Dell has regional senior vice presidents for countries other than the United States, including Paul Bell for EMEA and William J. Amelio and Stephen J. Felice for Asia/Japan. Other officers include Martin Garvin, senior vice president for worldwide procurement, and Susan E. Sheskey, vice president and chief information officer.

Marketing

Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs and in newspapers. Dell constantly lowers product prices at all times of the year, offering free bonus products (such as Dell printers) and free shipping to encourage more sales. A popular television and print ad campaign in the USA in the early 2000s featured the actor Ben Curtis playing the part of "Steven", a lightly mischievous blond-haired kid who came to the assistance of bereft computer purchasers. Each television advertisement usually ended with Steven's catch-phrase: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!". Dell released Curtis from its employ after his arrest for marijuana possession outside Central Park, New York in 2003 (the arresting officer allegedly commenting, "Dude, you're gettin' a cell"). Dell, however, denies firing Curtis as a result of his arrest.

Competition

Dell's major competitors include Hewlett-Packard/Compaq, Sun Microsystems, Gateway/Emachines, Lenovo, Sony, and Toshiba, among others. Enthusiast market competition takes place with Alienware, Falcon Northwest and other manufacturers. In 2004, Dell had a 17.9% share of the worldwide personal computer market, compared to HP with 15.8%. By using their business model, Dell attempt to undercut competitors and offer consumers a more attractive choice of personal computers and other equipment. In August 2003, Dell lowered product prices by 22% in an attempt to make more sales, however this disappointed shareholders, sending Dell shares down by 2% in late Wall Street trading, amid fears of a sector-wide slump.

Criticism

Dell Inc. has sometimes received criticism for the large amount of software included on its systems: some users regard a great deal of it as spyware. Some customers accuse the company of making computers with cheap and unreliable parts. Consumer groups have also criticized Dell Inc. for treating consumers unfairly. For example, they have accused its customer service of helping businesses faster than individual customers. Customer service critics target Dell Inc.'s outsourcing practices, specifically involving India, claiming they contribute to communication problems between the company and its customers. Dell Inc. has also had numerous criticisms from the Internet community for not offering AMD-based systems, having faulty hardware (most common complaints relate to hard-drive failures, with repeated occurrences even after sending the computer/hard drive in for repair), failing to facilitate upgrading hardware (almost all non-Dell-certified/branded hardware), and the generic monopoly complaints from the Internet/Build Your Own communities. Dell also uses proprietary parts, resulting in certain components like the power-supply and motherboard not fitting or not working at all, and sometimes frying the system if users install different, non-proprietary parts. Dell quality can also suffer due to those (sometimes inferior) parts, as well as due to assembly-line deficiencies. Assembly workers generally have less than 5 seconds to insert a PCI card in its slot, and to screw it in. It has also been reported that some machines have PCI cards that are secured with tape instead of screws. Users have reported that customer service is getting worse after outsourcing its technical support lines to third world countries. With the release of the latest Axim line of PDA, the X51V, many users were surprised that techinical support representatives had no idea about the problems that many users were facing including the unit not turning on, battery overheat, and system unstability. Because of the size of the corporation, different customers have also reported different treatment and resolution to similar problems. While some customers were issued free products or USD$100 coupons when they complained and requested a refund, some were asked to pay a 15% restocking fee and shipping and handling for returning a defective product. Dell offered a free upgrade disk to Windows Mobile 5.0 for customers who purchased the Axim X50V near the release date of the new operating system. However, some customers received 0 copies while others have reportedly received up to 10 copies of the same product. It is well known that Dell often makes mistakes in orders, offering free upgrades or even an extra product at no cost to the end user. In 2005, two class-action lawsuits accused Dell of marketing with bait-and-switch tactics and of conspiring with its financial unit to offer zero percent financing, only to revoke the offer after the return period had expired.

References

- Michael Dell, Catherine Fredman, Direct From Dell, ISBN 0887309143
- Andy Serwer, (Nov. 28, 2005). Dell's Midlife Crisis, Fortune, pages. 63–66.
- BBC News, 21st August 2003, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3169407.stm Dell makes grab for market share]
- USA Today, 20th January 2001, [http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2003-01-19-dell-cover_x.htm Dell business model turns to muscle as rivals struggle]
- Vasanthakumar N. Bhat, [http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:46llWUDgD48J:appserv.pace.edu/emplibrary/Bhat_Dell.doc+Dell+business+model&hl=en What makes Dell's business model superior?] (Google Cache)

External links

- [http://www.dell.com/ Dell Computer Website]
- [http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/13/13193.html Yahoo! — Dell Inc. Company Profile]
- Dell Inc. appears on [http://www.yellowikis.org/wiki/index.php/Dell Yellowikis].
- [http://www.ihatedell.net www.ihatedell.net] - a forum for disgruntled Dell employees and customers Category:Electronics companies Category:Computer hardware companies Category:Fortune 500 companies Category:Computer companies of the United States Category:Companies traded on NASDAQ Category:Companies based in Texas Category:Portable Audio Player Manufacturers ja:デル

General Electric

The General Electric Company, or GE () is a multinational technology and services company. Going into 2005, it was the world's largest corporation in terms of market capitalization ([http://screen.yahoo.com/b?mc=100000000/&b=1&z=mc&db=stocks&vw=1]). It should not be confused with The General Electric Company plc, which was renamed Marconi plc in 1999. In the 1960s, peculiarities in U.S. tax laws and accounting practices made it fashionable to assemble conglomerates. GE, which was a conglomerate long before the term was coined, is one of the very few corporations to achieve great success with this kind of organization.

History

In 1876, Thomas Alva Edison opened a new laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Out of the laboratory was to come perhaps the most famous invention of all—a successful development of the incandescent electric lamp. By 1890, Edison had organized his various businesses into the Edison General Electric Company. In 1879, Elihu Thomson and E. J. Houston formed the rival Thomson-Houston Company. It merged with various companies and was later led by Charles A. Coffin, a former shoe manufacturer from Lynn, Massachusetts. Mergers with competitors and the patent rights owned by each company put them into dominant positions in the electrical industry. As businesses expanded, it became increasingly difficult for either company to produce complete electrical installations relying solely on their own technology. In 1892, these two major companies combined, in a merger arranged by financier J. P. Morgan, to form the General Electric Company, with its headquarters in Schenectady, New York. In 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly-formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. GE is the only one that remains today. The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was founded by GE and American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) in 1919 to further international radio. General Electric was one of the eight major computer companies (with IBM - the largest, Burroughs, Scientific Data Systems, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC) through most of the 1960s. GE had an extensive line of general purpose and special purpose computers. Among them were the GE 200, GE 400, and GE 600 series general purpose computers, the GE 4010, GE 4020, and GE 4060 real time process control computers, and the Datanet 30 message switching computer. A Datanet 600 computer was designed, but never sold. It has been said that GE got into the computer manufacturing business because in the 1950's they were the largest user of computers outside of the United States federal government. In 1970 GE sold its computer division to Honeywell. In 1986, GE re-acquired RCA, primarily for the NBC television network. The rest was sold to various companies, including Bertelsmann and Thomson. In 2004, GE bought the television and movie assets of Vivendi Universal and became the third largest media conglomerate in the world. The new company was named NBC Universal. Also in 2004, GE completed the spinoff of most of its life and mortgage insurance assets into an independent company, Genworth Financial, based in Richmond, Virginia. In that same year, GE also acquired the credit card unit of the department store Dillard's for $1.25 billion. In 2005, General Electric bought the financial assets of the Canadian airplane manufacturer Bombardier for $1.4 billion [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000082&sid=aeIc.zt1tBbc]

Today

GE is an enormous multinational industrial company headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. The company describes itself as composed of a number of primary business units or "businesses." Each "business" is itself a vast enterprise, any of which would, even as a standalone company, rank in the Fortune 500. The list of GE businesses varies over time as the result of acquisitions, divestitures and reorganizations.

GE subsidiaries

:Main article: List of assets owned by General Electric
- Access Distribution
- GE Advanced Materials
- GE Capital IT Solutions
- GE Capital Rail Services
- GECAS
- GE Commercial Finance
- GE Consumer & Industrial
- GE Consumer Finance
- GE Energy
- GE Engine Services, Inc.
- GE Equipment Services
- GE Fanuc Automation North America, Inc.
- GE Financial Assurance Holdings, Inc.
- GE Franchise Finance Corporation
- GE Global Research
- GE Healthcare
- GE Infrastructure
- GE Insurance
- GE Money
- GE Osmonics
- GE SeaCo SRL
- GE Security
- GE Small Business Finance Corporation
- GE Supply
- GE Transportation
- General Electric Mortgage Insurance Corporation
- Global Nuclear Fuel - Japan Co., Ltd.
- HPSC, Inc.
- Instrumentarium Corporation
- MRA Systems, Inc.
- NBC Universal, Inc.
- Transport International Pool Inc.
- WMC Mortgage Corp. Through these businesses, GE participates in a wide variety of markets including the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, lighting, industrial automation, medical imaging equipment, motors, railway locomotives, aircraft jet engine, aviation services and materials such as plastics, silicones and abrasives. It was co-founder and is 80% owner (with Vivendi Universal) of NBC Universal, the National Broadcasting Company. Through GE Commercial Finance, GE Consumer Finance, GE Equipment Services, and GE Insurance it offers a range of financial services as well. It has a presence in over 100 countries. Interestingly, over half of GE's revenue is derived from financial services, ostensibly making it a financial company with a manufacturing arm. It is also one of the largest lenders in countries other than the United States, such as Japan. Even though the first wave of conglomerates (such as ITT, Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco, etc) fell by the wayside by the mid-1980s, in the late 1990s, another wave (consisting of Westinghouse, Tyco, and others) tried and failed to emulate GE's success.

Jack Welch

The CEO from 1981-2001 was Jack Welch, who many regard as one of the premier business managers of his era. Nicknamed "Neutron Jack", he presided over a 28-fold increase in earnings (on a 5-fold increase in revenue) with his policy (referred to by detractors as "rank and yank") of sacking the worst performing 10% of his staff every year. In running GE's many diverse businesses he maintained a policy of only keeping those businesses which were #1 or #2 within their respective industries. In 1987, GE was the United States' second largest nuclear power company and third largest producer of nuclear weapons systems. Jack Welch introduced the use of the six sigma quality system, originally developed at Motorola, within GE.

Corporate information

The company's market capitalization ([http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=GE]) is almost $100 billion higher than that of Microsoft ([http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=msft]). In 2004, GE was named number one company for employers and employees on the Forbes 500 Global Player list. Jeffrey Immelt is succeeded Jack Welch as CEO of General Electric and holds that office today. Current members of the board of directors of General Electric are: James Cash, Jr., William Castell, Dennis Dammerman, Ann Fudge, Claudio Gonzalez, Jeffrey Immelt, Andrea Jung, A.G. Lafley, Robert Lane, Ralph Larsen, Rochelle Lazarus, Sam Nunn, Roger Penske, Robert Swieringa, Douglas Warner, and Bob Wright.

Analyst coverage

See [http://finance.yahoo.com/q/sa?s=GE Yahoo! analyst converage]
- Germanotta, Jeffrey (William Blair & Company, L.L.C.)
- Cornell, Robert (Lehman Brothers)
- Parent, Nicole (Credit Suisse First Boston)
- Dray, Deane (Goldman Sachs)

Financials

[http://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0000040545&owner=exclude SEC filings including 10-k]

External links

- [http://www.ge.com/ General Electric's website]

Data

- [http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/10/10634.html Yahoo! - General Electric Company Company Profile] Category:Conglomerate companies Category:Companies based in Connecticut Category:Fortune 500 companies Category:Companies traded on the New York Stock Exchange ja:ゼネラル・エレクトリック

Scientific-Atlanta

Scientific-Atlanta Inc is a Georgia-based manufacturer of cable television, telecommunications, and broadband equipment. Scientific-Atlanta manufactures an array of products, including fiber optic network equipment, amplifiers, digital cable boxes, cable modems, and other broadband equipment. It also supplies distribution technology to networks such as Bloomberg Television, CNN, ESPN and many others. On 18 November, 2005 Scientific-Atlanta announced that it would be purchased by Cisco Systems in a $6.9 Billion cash deal.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of Scientific-Atlanta are: Marion Antonini, James Cash, Jr., David Dorman, William Kassling, Mylle Mangum, James McDonald, Terence McGuirk, David McLaughlin, James V. Napier, and Sam Nunn. Category:Companies based in Georgia

Barrick Gold Corporation

Barrick Gold Corporation is a leading international gold mining company with its headquarters in Toronto, Ontario. It currently maintains operating mines and development projects in the United States, Canada, Australia, Peru, Chile, Argentina and Tanzania. For 2003, it produced 5.5 million troy ounces (170,000 kg) of gold at a cash cost of $189 per troy ounce ($6/g). As at December 31 2003 its gold mineral reserves stand at 86 million troy ounces (2,700,000 kg).

Criticisms

Barrick Gold has been accused of a number of environmentally unsound practices, as well as illegal finacial activities. These include the future use of cyanide leach tailing dams for its gold mine project at Lake Cowal, the partial removal of semi-pristine galciers in the Pascua Lama gold mine in Chile and the release of at least seven tonnes of mercury during 2004-2005 at the Super Pit gold mine near the city of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia. Barrick have also been sued by Blanchard and Co. of New Orleans for alledgedly manipulating the price of gold in an anti-competitive way.

External links

- [http://rainforestinfo.org.au/gold/barrick.html Barrick Gold In The News], on rainforestinfo.org.au
- [http://www.barrick.com/ Official site] Category:Mining companies of Canada Category: S&P/TSX Composite Index

Onex Corporation

Onex Corporation is a Toronto based investment firm. It was founded in 1983 by Gerry Schwartz. Today it is a public traded company but Schwartz has 67.6% of the voting control and continues to serve as Chairman and CEO. The firm specializes in buying firms in Canada and the United States that are under valued or in need of restructuring and then later selling them at a significant profit. These restructuring efforts often involve cutting wages and workforces and outsourcing work to lower wage countries abroad. The firm is involved is a wide array of industries. Among its specialties is buying the high cost manufacturing arms of companies and turning them into low cost suppliers. In the 1980s it played this role in the auto parts industry, in 1996 it bought IBM's manufacturing division Celestica, and in 2004 bought Boeing's Kansas and Oklahoma manufacturing facilities. The firm has also long been interested in the airline industry and is well known for its failed 1999 attempt to buy both Air Canada and Canadian Airlines to merge them. Onex is involved in the American health care industry, owning a number of firms, the movie theatre business (Cineplex Entertainment), and in aerospace, through its ownership of Spirit AeroSystems. Its head office is on the 49th floor of BCE Place in Toronto and it also has an office in New York.

External links

- [http://www.onex.com/ Official site] Category:Companies of Canada

Rogers Communications

Rogers Communications Inc. is one of Canada's largest communications companies, particularly in the field of wireless communications and cable television. Edward S. "Ted" Rogers is the company's well-known controlling shareholder and chief executive. Its four key units are known as Rogers Wireless, Rogers Cable, Rogers Media, and Rogers Telecom.

Rogers Communications

Rogers Wireless

Rogers Wireless is Canada's largest wireless communications services provider, under the Rogers and Fido brand names, with 6 million voice and data subscribers, and now the sole Canadian operator of a GSM-based network.

Rogers Cable Inc.

Rogers Cable Inc. is Canada's largest cable television service provider with approximately 2.2 million customers in southern Ontario (90% of customers), New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador. Its growing digital cable service provides access to technologies such as high definition television, video on demand, interactive television and enhanced television. Rogers also provides broadband Internet access, co-marketed with Yahoo!, and operates Rogers Video, Canada's largest domestically owned chain of video stores, with over 300 locations from coast to coast.

Rogers Telecom

Rogers Telecom (formerly Call-Net Enterprises which did business under the Sprint Canada brand) is a major competitive telephone carrier throughout Canada, best known for its local and long distance consumer and business services and solutions. Since acquiring Call-Net, Rogers has also entered into the lucrative residential phone business within its cable TV territory under the Rogers Home Phone brand, to challenge Bell Canada, using both traditional and VoIP technologies.

Rogers Media

Publishing

Rogers publishes Maclean's, Canada's weekly newsmagazine; its French-language equivalent, L'Actualité; Chatelaine; Flare; and a variety of other magazines.

Broadcasting

Rogers Broadcasting operates 45 Canadian radio stations, some of the better known outlets being CHFI Toronto, CJCL Toronto (The FAN 590), and various stations operating under the Jack FM brand. It also owns The Shopping Channel, the OMNI Television stations, Rogers Sportsnet, and is a partner in OLN Canada, G4techTV Canada and The Biography Channel Canada.

Sports

In addition to its ownership of Sportsnet, Rogers operates the Toronto Blue Jays baseball team and the Rogers Centre (previously known as SkyDome).

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of Rogers Communications are: Ronald Besse, Charles Birchall, H. Garfield Emerson, Peter Godsoe, Thomas Hull, Philip Lind, Nadir Mohamed, David Peterson, Edward Rogers, Edward Rogers III, Loretta Rogers, Melinda Rogers, William Schleyer, John A. Tory, J. Christopher Wansbrough, and Colin Watson.
- Chairman of the Board: H. Garfield Emerson
- President and CEO, Rogers Communications Inc.: Ted Rogers
- President and COO, Rogers Communications division: Nadir Mohamed
- President, Rogers Wireless: Robert Bruce
- President, Rogers Cable: Edward Rogers
- President, Rogers Media: Tony Viner

External links

- [http://www.rogers.com Rogers Communications Website]
- [http://www.rogers.com/english/aboutrogers/historyofrogers/ Rogers.com | About Rogers | History of Rogers]
- [http://www.rogersvideo.ca Rogers Video]
- [http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/42/42405.html Yahoo! - Rogers Communications Inc. Company Profile]
- [http://www.crtc.gc.ca/ownership/eng/title_org.htm#R CRTC chart of Rogers Communications' assets] Category:Rogers Communications Category:Communications in Canada

Sobeys

Sobeys is a Canadian supermarket chain based in Stellarton, Nova Scotia.

History

- The company was founded by J.W. Sobey in 1907 as a meat delivery business in Stellarton.
- In 1924 his son Frank convinced him to expand into a full grocery business, serving the industrial Pictou County region. From that point until his death, Frank was the driving force behind the business.
- Sobeys opened its first self-serve supermarket in 1949.
- The chain expanded throughout Atlantic Canada during the second half of the 20th century, becoming the region's dominant grocer until late in the century.
- Sobeys had significant stakes in New England grocer Hannaford and Quebec grocer Provigo until the 1990s.
- During the 1980s, Sobeys expanded into southern Ontario, challenging Loblaws on its "home turf", thereby igniting what came to be a nationwide supermarket battle for market supremacy.
- In 1998, Sobeys became the second-largest grocer in the country after purchasing the Oshawa Group, owners of the IGA franchise across Canada, along with several regional chains in Ontario, in addition to various food service and wholesale companies.
- There are currently more than 1,300 stores in 10 provinces and thousands of wholesale customers. IGA

Ready to Serve

In 2002, Sobeys stores undertook major changes in its appeal, attitude, and feel. This was the introduction of "Ready to Serve". It was highly stressed upon introduction that was not simply a new slogan or catch-phrase, but a new operating strategy. The main focus was superior customer service. Loblaws had more money and thus could have bigger stores and slightly lower prices. Sobeys decided to de-emphasize the price/size war in favour of a customer service upgrade.
- Uniforms, previously very formal, were changed to more casual attire (green Sobeys jacket or t-shirt over black t-shirt and black jeans with black sneakers or shoes).
- All signs and advertising were drastically changed to encompass the new superior customer service.
- The Front-End Manager, who did the majority of customer service, was retitled "Customer Experience Manager".
- Wireless headsets and phones were introduced and every employee is trained to be very customer-oriented. Cashiers are required to greet, converse with, and help out customers to the extent of their ability. Other departments are also required to provide the customer with excellent and friendly service.
- The logo for Sobeys itself was also changed. The four green circles were dropped and the logo simply consists of the word "Sobeys". "Ready to Serve" now stands as part of the logo itself. (It should be noted that the four green circles were retained in the corporate logo of Sobeys Inc.)
- Some details may vary in different parts of Canada. Information is based on store designs and policies of Newfoundland and Labrador stores.

Company

Sobeys' private label products are now branded "Compliments". Newfoundland and Labrador
- Compliments was formerly known as Our Compliments, a brand acquired from Oshawa group. In Sobeys stores, it succeeded the Our Best brand, which itself succeeded the Sobeys brand. Pharmaceuticals still carry the Our Best brand name.
- Starting in March 2005, the Smart Choice label, which was obtained by Sobeys in the Oshawa Group acquisition, was assimilated into the Compliments brand lineup; products have been rebranded as "Compliments Value".
- Starting in November 2005, Sobeys introduced Compliments Sensations, a premium tier store brand.
- Private-label soft drinks in Atlantic Canada are branded "Big 8". Elsewhere, they are part of the Compliments family. In addition to the Sobeys banner, Sobeys Inc. also operates supermarkets under the following banners:
- IGA (except in Atlantic Canada). Most locations outside Quebec have already been rebranded as Sobeys. It is expected to remain the company's core brand in Quebec. Smaller stores in Western Canada also still use the IGA banner.
- (At the time of the Sobeys takeover of the Oshawa Group, all IGA locations in Atlantic Canada were purchased separately by Loblaws for competition reasons. Loblaws has converted most of the Atlantic Canadian IGA locations to one of their own banners.)
- IGA Extra, in Quebec
- Tradition Markets, small food market in Quebec
- Price Chopper, a smaller, discount grocery store. (no relation to the chain of the same name in the United States)
- Foodland, small markets, located in Atlantic Canada and Ontario
- Commisso's Food Markets, in Ontario
- Food Town, in Western Canada

Retired Banners

- Garden Market IGA in Western Canada, stores were rebranded as Sobeys
- Knechtel, convenience store chain under Oshawa Group Sobeys Incorporated also owns the Needs Convenience, Kwik-Way, and BoniChoix convenience store chains as well as the Lawtons drug store chain in Atlantic Canada. Also, in areas where tobacco sales are prohibited in retail stores with a pharmacy, such as Newfoundland and Labrador, cigarettes and other tobacco products are sold in a separate store, owned and operated by Sobeys Inc., called Griffins. These stores are a part of the Sobeys store but are only accessible from the outside. The Sobeys conglomerate is owned by Empire Company Limited, which is controlled by the Sobey family. In addition to Sobeys, the Empire Company also owns Empire Theatres as well as many commercial retail properties through subsidiary Crombie Properties. Recently, Sobeys has been developing a new type of convenience store called Sobeys Express. The stores carry all of the traditional convenience store items but also include a mini deli, mini bakery, as well as fresh produce. Trial locations in Truro, Nova Scotia and Moncton, New Brunswick were opened in early 2004 but several other locations have opened across Canada since then. The Truro and Moncton stores are conversions of former Needs Convenience stores.

External links

- [http://www.sobeys.ca Sobeys]
- [http://www.foodlandyourhometownadvantage.ca/ Foodland]
- [http://www.igayourhometownadvantage.ca/ IGA (Ontario and Western Canada)]
- [http://www.iga.net/ IGA (Quebec)]
- [http://www.commissos.com/ Commisso's Food Markets]
- [http://www.sobeys.com Sobeys Inc corporate site]
- [http://www.compliments.ca Compliments] Category:S&P/TSX Composite Index Category:Supermarkets in Canada

Don Mazankowski

The Right Honourable Donald Frank Mazankowski, PC , OC , AOE , LL.D (born July 27, 1935, in Viking, Alberta) was a Canadian politician who served as a cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Joe Clark and Brian Mulroney. He is now a businessman who serves as a director or trustee for a number of companies, including Weyerhaeuser Co., ATCO Ltd., Shaw Communications Inc., and Power Corporation of Canada. Mazankowski was born to parents of Polish descent. He went into business and became the manager of an auto dealership. Long interested in politics, Mazankowski became an important member of the Albertan Progressive Conservative Party, and in the 1968 federal election, he was elected to the Canadian House of Commons as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Vegreville, Alberta. During the short-lived Clark government, Mazankowski served as Minister of Transport. When the Tories returned to power under Mulroney in the 1984 election, Mazankowski again became Minister of Transport. In 1986, he was promoted to Deputy Prime Minister and Government House Leader. Mazankowski became one of the most widely-known public faces of the Tory government. He played an especially important role as an advocate for the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the North American Free Trade Agreement. The Mulroney government became increasingly unpopular, however, but Mazankowski was less severely affected than others. In 1991, he became Finance Minister, replacing the extremely unpopular Michael Wilson. Mazankowski retired from politics on June 7, 1993. When Kim Campbell succeeded Mulroney as PC leader and prime minister two weeks later, Mazankowski was replaced as Finance Minister by Gilles Loiselle. Mazankowski did not run in the 1993 election that saw his party reduced to two seats in the House of Commons. Mazankowski returned to the private sector, and served on corporate boards. He declined an offer of a Senate seat made by Brian Mulroney in his final days as Prime Minister. He has remained involved in politics. In 2002, he headed an investigation in Alberta's health care system. He also played an important role in the merger between the Progressive Conservative Party and the Canadian Alliance party, and is a strong supporter of the new Conservative Party of Canada. He is one of the few Canadians to be given the title of "Right Honourable" without having held an office that would entitle him to it. In 2000, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2003, he was awarded the Alberta Order of Excellence.

External links

- [http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?lang=E&query=1362&s=M Political biography from the Library of Parliament]
- [http://www.gg.ca/Search/honours_descript_e.asp?type=2&id=6024 Order of Canada Citation] Mazankowski, Don Mazankowski, Don Mazankowski, Don Mazankowski, Don Mazankowski, Don Mazankowski, Don Mazankowski, Don Mazankowski, Don Mazankowski, Don

ATCO

ATCO Ltd. () is an Alberta based corporation with operating subsidiaries in electric and natural gas utility operations, independent power operations, production, storage, processing, gathering, delivery of natural gas, technical facilities management for the industrial, defence, and transportation sectors, the manufacture, sale and leasing of industrial shelters and industrial noise abatement technologies. It has the following companies:
- ATCO Power
- ATCO Electric
- ATCO Gas
- ATCO Pipelines
- ATCO Midstream
- ATCO Frontec
- ATCO I-Tek
- ATCO Travel
- Genics, Inc.
- ATCO Structures
- ATCO Noise Management

External links

- [http://www.atco.com Official site] Category:Companies of Canada Category:S&P/TSX Composite Index

Shaw Communications

Shaw Communications Inc. is a Canadian company headquartered in Calgary, Alberta. The company was founded by J.R. Shaw. It provides Internet access, cable television, digital cable, and video on demand services. In 2005 Shaw started offering telephony services in Calgary, Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, and Winnipeg, Manitoba. From its base in Calgary, it grew during the 1980s and 1990s through acquisitions of firms including Classicomm in the Toronto area, Access Communications in Nova Scotia, Fundy Cable in New Brunswick, Trillium Cable in Ontario, Telecable in Saskatchewan, and Moffat Communications of Winnipeg, which had itself previously acquired Videotron's assets in Alberta. However, two swaps, in 1994 and 2001, with Rogers Cable have resulted in its assets being restricted to western Canada and a few areas of northern Ontario. Shaw is also the parent of Canadian Satellite Communications (Cancom) and, through Cancom, Star Choice, one of Canada's two national satellite television providers. For many years it also owned a number of radio stations and specialty television services; these assets were later spun off into Corus Entertainment in an effort to satisfy a now-repealed CRTC policy discouraging cross-ownership of cablesystems and specialty services.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of Shaw Communications are: Adrian Burns, Jim Dinning, George Galbraith, Ronald Joyce, Charles Keating, Don Mazankowski, Michael O'Brien, Harold Roozen, Jeffrey Royer, Bradley Shaw, Jim Shaw, J.R. Shaw, J.C. Sparkman, John S. Thomas, and Bill Yuill.

External links

- [http://www.shaw.ca/ Shaw Communications Inc. Official Website]
- [http://www.crtc.gc.ca/ownership/eng/title_org.htm#S CRTC chart of Shaw Communications' assets] Category:Canadian media companies Category:S&P/TSX Composite Index Category:Canadian cable and DBS companies

Weyerhaeuser

Weyerhaeuser Company () is a multinational corporation in the pulp and paper industry. It is based in Federal Way, Washington, of the United States. The company is the third largest pulp and paper company in the world, with manufacturing operations in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China, Mexico, Ireland, France and Uruguay, among others. It is the world's largest private owner of softwood timberland- Managing 38 million acres (154,000 km²) in five countries. It is the third largest owner in the United States, behind Plum Creek Timber and International Paper. Weyerhaeuser has approximately 55,200 employees in 18 countries (primarily in the U.S. and Canada).

Corporate history

Financial Information
	2003	2002	2001
Net Sales (US$M)	19,873	18,521	14,545
Net Earnings (Loss) (US$M)	277	241	354

Weyerhaeuser was founded in January of 1900 by Friedrich Weyerhäuser and 15 partners with 900,000 acres (3,600 km²) of Washington timberland. In 1929 the company built what was then the world's largest sawmill in Longview, Washington. In 1931, the company started producing pulp at its pulp mill in Longview, which sustained it financially through the Great Depression. In 1959 the company changed its name to Weyerhaeuser Company, eliminating the word "Timber" to better reflect its operations. In 1965 Weyerhaeuser built its first bleached kraft pulp mill in Canada. In 1967 Weyerhaeuser implemented its High Yield Forestry Plan. High Yield Forestry drew upon 30 years of forestry research and field experience. It called for planting of seedlings within one year of harvest, soil fertilization, thinning, rehabilitation of brushlands and eventually genetic improvement of trees. It continues to be one of the largest intensive forest management programs in the world, doubling the growth per unit area on Weyerhaeuser managed forestlands. In the late 1990s, the company consolidated its core businesses and exited its long held interests in mortgage banking, personal care products, financial services, and information systems consulting. Weyerhaeuser also made expansions into South America, Australia, and the rest of Asia. In 1999 Weyerhaeuser purchased MacMillan Bloedel Limited, a large Canadian forestry company.

Current operations

Weyerhaeuser now has timber operations or offices in 44 American states, Canada, and 18 other nations. It imports timber products from Malaysia, Chile, and Brazil. In North America, Weyerhaeuser is one of the largest distributors of wood products. The company owns over seven million acres (28,000 km²) of land in the U.S., and owns or holds logging rights to more than 35 million acres (142,000 km²) of land in Canada. Weyerhaeuser has diversified widely beyond its roots in lumber and wood products, and today controls a vast network of over 100 subsidiaries in fields including construction, real estate sales and development (often on its cutover lands). The company's operations are now divided into five major business segments:
- Timberlands — Grows and harvests trees in renewable cycles.
- Wood Products — Manufactures and distributes building materials for homes and other structures.
- Pulp and Paper — Produces a variety of papers, and the pulp to produce papers, absorbent products and for specialty uses such as photographic film.
- Containerboard Packaging and Recycling — Produces paper, boxes and bags to move products from factory to store to consumer. Collects and recycles wastepaper, boxes and newsprint to make new products.
- Real Estate — Builds single- and multi-family homes and develops land. The company also has an IT internship program that develops professionals for its IT department.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of Weyerhaeuser are: Richard Haskayne, Robert Herbold, Martha Ingram, John Kieckhefer, Arnold Langbo, Don Mazankowski, Nicole Piasecki, Steven Rogel, Richard Sinkfield, D. Michael Steuert, James Sullivan, and Charles Williamson.

Criticisms

Activists have heavily criticized many of Weyerhaeuser's practices as socially and ecologically destructive. These practices include clear-cut logging, logging in endangered forests and in endangered species habitat, conversion of native forests to tree plantations devoid of biodiversity, ignoring the rights of Indigenous communities, health and safety violations, usustainable cut rates, and mill closures among others. Recently the Rainforest Action Network targeted Weyerhaeuser with a campaign to force the company to reform its practices.

External links

- [http://www.weyerhaeuser.com/ Company web site]
- [http://biz.yahoo.com/p/w/wy.html Yahoo profile] Category:Pulp and paper companies Category:Companies based in Washington Category:Fortune 500 companies Category:Multinational corporations

American Express

American Express is a diversified global financial services company headquartered in the United States. The company is best known for its credit card, charge card and Traveler's cheque businesses. Company headquarters are in New York City. The current CEO is Kenneth Chenault, who took over in 2001. The company was led by Harvey Golub from 1993 to 2001 and prior to that it was headed by James D Robinson III from 1977 to 1993. The company's common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol AXP. It is one of the 30 stocks that comprise the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

History of American Express

American Express was founded in 1850 by Henry Wells, William Fargo, and John Butterfield as an express business. In 1882, American Express launched its money order business to compete with the US Post Office's money orders. This product quickly spread to Europe where no such financial product existed. Sometime between 1888 and 1890, J. C. Fargo took a trip to Europe and returned frustrated and infuriated. Despite the fact that he was president of American Express and that he carried with him traditional letters of credit, he found it difficult to obtain cash anywhere except in major cities. Mr. Fargo went to Marcellus Flemming Berry and asked him to create a better solution than the traditional letter of credit. Mr. Berry created the American Express Travelers Cheque which was launched in 1891 in denominations of $10, $20, $50, and $100. The Travelers Cheque established American Express as a truly international company and in 1915 they announced the establishment of a Travel Department and soon established its first travel agencies. During the winter of 1917 the US suffered a severe coal shortage and on December 26th President Woodrow Wilson commandeered the railroads on behalf of the US government to move US troops, their supplies, and coal. Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo was assigned the task of consolidating the railway lines for the war effort. All contracts between express companies and railroads were nullified and McAdoo proposed that all existing express companies be consolidated into a single company to serve the country's needs. This ended American Express's express business. The result was a new company called the American Railway Express company formed in July 1918. The new entity took custody of all the pooled equipment and property of existing express companies (the largest share of which, 40%, came from American Express who had owned 71,280 miles of railroad lines, 10,000 offices, with over 30,000 employees). American Express executives discussed the possibility of launching a travel charge card as early as 1946, but it wasn't until Diners Club launched their own card in March 1950 that American Express began to seriously consider the possibility. At the end of 1957 American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958 public interest had become so significant that they actually issued 250,000 cards prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. It wasn't till 1959 that American Express began issuing embossed ISO 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966 American Express introduced the Gold Card and in 1984 the Platinum Card, clearly defining different market segments within its own business, a practice that has proliferated across a broad array of industries. The Platinum Card was billed as super-exclusive, had a $250 annual fee. It was offered by invitation only to American Express customers with at least 2 years of tenure, significant spending, and excellent payment history. In 1999 American Express introduced the Centurion Card or "black card" catering to an even more affluent and elite customer segment. It charged a $1,000 annual fee, with a variety of exclusive benefits. Also, in 1999 the company introduced a marketing triumph, Blue from American Express, a popular card among the young and techno-savvy with its multi-functional onboard chip. There have always been rumors of a super-exclusive card that gives American Express's richest and most powerful customers special perks. It was this rumor that sparked the launch of Centurion. Still, rumors persist of an even more exclusive card. During the 1980s, American Express embarked on its dream to become a financial services supercompany. In mid-1981 it purchased Shearson Loeb Rhoades Inc the second largest securities firm in the US. In 1984 it purchased the 90-year old IDS company, bringing with it a fleet of financial advisors and investment products. Also in 1984, American Express acquired the investment banking and trading firm, Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, and added it to the Shearson family, creating Shearson Lehman/American Express. In 1988, the Firm acquired E.H. Hutton, forming Shearson Lehman Hutton until 1990, when the Firm's name became Shearson Lehman Brothers. When Harvey Golub took the reins in 1993 he negotiated the sale of Shearson's retail brokerage and asset management business to Primerica and in following year, spun-off of the remaining investment banking and institutional businesses as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. In April 1986 American Express moved its headquarters to the American Express Tower, the center of the World Financial Center in New York City. The 51-story building was an architectural triumph and noted as a significant and important addition to the city. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, American Express had to leave its headquarters temporarily as the building was damaged during the attacks - it was located directly across the street from the World Trade Center. The American Express tower became the backdrop to efforts in rescue, recovery, and reconstruction at Ground Zero. The company began gradually moving back into its rehabilitated building in 2002. American Express has its European Headquarters in Brighton UK. In April 1992, American Express spun off its subsidiary, First Data Corp., in an IPO. Then, in October 1996, the company distributed the remaining majority of its holdings in First Data Corp., reducing its ownership to less than 5%. In December 2000, American Express agreed to acquire the credit card portfolio of Bank of Hawaii, then a division of Pacific Century Financial Corp. Bank of Hawaii, along with its sister bank, Pacific Century Bank, became the first U.S. banks to issue American Express cards when the deal was completed the following year. In January 2004, American Express reached a deal to have its cards issued by a U.S. bank, MBNA America. These cards were released in October of 2004. This relationship may be in jeopardy with the announcement that MBNA will be purchased by Bank of America. American Express is suing Bank of America (and other banks) for damages stemming from anticompetitive practices that prevented American Express from issuing cards through U.S. banks. This lawsuit may stop Bank of America from issuing American Express cards. A second deal made at the end of 2004 will have American Express cards issued by Citigroup by the end of 2005. Throughout 2005, two further financial companies, UBS AG and USAA, have made deals with American Express to issue its cards. The UBS AG American Express card will be issued by Juniper Bank (a division of Barclays Bank). On September 30, 2005, American Express spun off its American Express Financial Advisors unit as a publicly traded company, Ameriprise Financial.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of American Express include: Daniel Akerson, Charlene Barshefsky, William Bowen, Ursula Burns, Kenneth Chenault, Peter Dolan, Vernon Jordan, Jan Leschly, Richard McGinn, Edward D. Miller, Frank Popoff, and Robert D. Walter.

External links

- [http://www.americanexpress.com/ Corporate website]
[http://www.nowopen.com/ Small Business Card and Services website]

Business Ratings

- [http://www.buyblue.org/node/212/view/summary Buyblue.org] rating on Political Contributions; Labor & Human Rights; Environment; Corporate and Social Responsibility; Employment Equality; and Industry Practices Category:Financial services companies of the United States Category:Credit cards Category:Payment systems Category:Companies based in New York City Category:Fortune 500 companies ja:アメリカン・エキスプレス

Intel

The following article is about the multinational corporation; intel is also an abbreviation for intelligence, used in reference to military intelligence and espionage. Intel Corporation (, ), founded 1968, is a U.S.-based multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. Intel also makes network cards, motherboard chipsets, components, and other devices. Intel has advanced research projects in all aspects of semiconductor manufacturing, including MEMS.

Overview

Intel was founded in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore (a chemist and physicist) and Robert Noyce (a physicist and co-inventor of the integrated circuit) when they left Fairchild Semiconductor. It is noteworthy that Intel competitor AMD was also founded by the Traitorous Eight, in 1969. Intel's employee number four was Andy Grove (a chemical engineer), who ran the company through much of the 1980s and the high-growth 1990s. It is Grove who is now remembered as the company's key leader. By the end of the 1990s, Intel was one of the largest and most successful businesses in the world, though fierce competition within the semiconductor industry has since diminished its position somewhat.

SRAMS and the microprocessor

1990s The company's first products were random-access memory integrated circuits, and Intel grew to be a leader in the fiercely competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM markets throughout the 1970s. Concurrently, Intel engineers Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima invented the first microprocessor. Originally developed for the Japanese company Busicom to replace a number of ASIC's in a calculator already produced by Busicom, the Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971, though the microprocessor did not become the core of Intel's business until the mid-1980s. (Note: Intel is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor.)

From DRAM to microprocessors

In 1983 at the dawn of the personal computer era, Intel's profits came under increased pressure from Japanese memory-chip manufacturers, and then-President Andy Grove drove the company into a focus on microprocessors. Grove described this transition in the book Only the Paranoid Survive. A key element of his plan was the notion, then considered radical, of becoming the single source for successors to the popular 8086 microprocessor. Until then, manufacture of complex integrated circuits was not reliable enough for customers to depend on a single supplier, but Grove began producing processors in three geographically distinct factories, and ceased licensing the chip designs to competitors such as Zilog and AMD. When the PC industry exploded in the late 1980s and 1990s, Intel was one of the primary beneficiaries.

The rise of PC architecture

AMD During the 1990s, Intel's Intel Architecture Labs (IAL) was responsible for many of the hardware innovations of the personal computer, including the PCI Bus, the PCI Express (PCIe) bus, the Universal Serial Bus (USB), and the now-dominant architecture for multiprocessor servers. IAL's software efforts met with a more mixed fate; its video and graphics software was important in the development of software digital video, but later its efforts were largely overshadowed by competition from Microsoft. The competition between Intel and Microsoft was revealed in testimony at the Microsoft antitrust trial.

Partnership with Apple

On June 6 2005, Apple Computer CEO Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at WWDC that Apple would be transitioning from its long-favored PowerPC Architecture to Intel CPUs. Reasons stated for the change were vague, but included thermal issues, as recent G5-class PowerPC chips are well-known for running hot. Also, it was implied that the future PowerPC roadmap was unable to satisfy Apple's needs in terms of computing power. In particular, the large power requirement of the G5 chips was seen as a major stumbling block, preventing the placement of such a chip in one of Apple's laptop computers, the PowerBook and iBook. The switchover to Intel will begin in mid-2006, reportedly appearing first in Apple's low-end machines and portables.

Competition and antitrust

Intel's dominance in the x86 microprocessor market led to numerous charges of antitrust violations over the years, including FTC investigations in both the late 1980s and in 1999, and civil actions such as the 1997 suit by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and a patent suit by Intergraph. Intel's market dominance (at one time it controlled over 85% of the market for 32-bit PC microprocessors) combined with Intel's own hardball legal tactics (such as its infamous 338 patent suit versus PC manufacturers) made it an attractive target for litigation, but few of the lawsuits ever amounted to anything. Currently, the only major competitor to Intel on the x86 processor market is Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), with which Intel has had full cross-licensing agreements since 1976: each partner can use the other's patented technological innovations without charge. Some smaller competitors such as Transmeta produce low-power processors for portable equipment. In June 2005, AMD sued Intel in two jurisdictions for anticompetitive practices. The Japanese Fair Trade Commission found in favor of AMD; the other case will be heard by a court in Delaware. The case in Japan led to "dawn raids" by the European Commission on some European Intel offices in July 2005. Intel filed its response[http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20050901corp.htm] in September to AMD's lawsuit and refuted AMD's claims, stating that its business practices are fair and lawful. In its rebuttal, Intel laid out the skeleton of its legal defense, which included a deconstruction of AMD's offensive strategy and levied the charge that AMD's long-struggling market position is largely a result of bad business decisions and management incompetence, including underinvestment in essential manufacturing capacity and overreliance on outsourcing chip foundries.[http://www.forbes.com/technology/2005/09/02/intel-amd-antitrust-cz_dw_0902intel.html?partner=yahootix] Legal experts predict the lawsuit will most likely drag out for a number of years, since Intel's response indicates they are not likely to try and settle with AMD.

Leadership

Robert Noyce was Intel's CEO at its founding in 1969, followed by co-founder Gordon Moore in 1975. Andy Grove became the company's President in 1979 to which he added the CEO title in 1987 when Moore became Chairman. In 1997 Grove succeeded Moore as Chairman, and Craig Barrett, already company president, took over. On May 18 2005, Barrett handed the reins of the company over to Paul Otellini, who previously was the company president and was responsible for Intel's design win in the original IBM PC. The board of directors elected Otellini, and Barrett replaced Grove as chairman of the board. Grove stepped down as Chairman, but will be retained as a special advisor.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of Intel are: Craig Barrett, Charlene Barshefsky, John Browne, James Guzy, Reed Hundt, James Plummer, David Pottruck, Jane Shaw, John Thornton, and David Yoffie.

Origin of the name

At its founding, Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce wanted to name their new company "Moore Noyce". But the name did not sound good in electronics—noise being associated with bad interference. They then used the name NM Electronics for almost a year, before deciding to call their company INTegrated ELectronics or "Intel" for short. However, Intel was already trademarked by a hotel chain, so they had to buy the rights for that name at the beginning.

Financial information

Its market capitalization is about $154 billion (March 2005).

Stock exchanges

- Intel is publicly traded at NASDAQ with the symbol INTC.

Indices

- Dow Industrials
- S&P 500
- Nasdaq 100
- SOX (PHLX Semiconductor Sector)
- GSTI Software Index

Diversity

Intel received a 100% rating on the first Corporate Equality Index released by the Human Rights Campaign in 2002. It has maintained this rating in 2003 and 2004. In addition, the company was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2005 by Working Mother magazine. However, Intel's working practices still face criticism, most notably from Ken Hamidi, a former employee who has been subject to multiple unsuccessful lawsuits from Intel. [http://www.faceintel.com/]

Controversial issues

Antitrust claims

In June 2005, AMD, Intel's chief rival in the x86 microprocessor market, filed an antitrust claim against Intel and its Japanese subsidiary in a Delaware court. Amongst other accusations, AMD alleged that Intel was unlawfully maintaining its monopoly through unfair business practices, such as drastically lower pricing for customers on the condition that Intel microprocessors were used exclusively in their systems. Whilst proving that Intel holds a monopoly is simple (the company is reckoned to have an 80%–90% share of the processor market), the debate over the "scare and coercion" tactics supposedly employed by Intel is likely to be more protracted. IT insiders foresee the case to be a landmark ruling in what is a fiercely competitive market.

Advertising

Intel has become one of the world's most recognizable brands following its long-running "Intel Inside" campaign. The campaign, which started in 1990, was created by Intel marketing manager Dennis Carter. The five-note jingle was introduced the following year and by its tenth anniversary was being heard in 130 countries around the world. The Intel Inside program is very lucrative for advertisers. Intel pays half the advertising costs for any ad that uses the "Intel Inside" logo. However, if in print, the ad page cannot contain any references to competitors, such as AMD. If the ads do not meet these requirements, Intel does not pay half the cost and the advertiser is prohibited from using the "Intel Inside" logo. Intel employs a large staff whose primary function is looking for advertisements which violate the agreement. Advertisers found doing so—many of which are "mom and pop" shops ignorant of the reimbursement agreement—are requested to stop violating the use of the logo and are then told how to legally use the logo and get part of their advertising costs reimbursed. The Centrino advertising campaign has been hugely successful, leading to the ability to acess wireless internet from a laptop becoming linked in consumers minds to intel chips. In the UK this has caused some controversy, as the ASA upheld complaints that this was a misleading advert. PC companies advertising products containing Intel chips are required to include the jingle in their film and television adverts in order to receive the reimbursement.

External links

- [http://www.intel.com/ Intel website]
- [http://www.intel.com/intel/finance/ Intel Investor Relations site]
- [http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum/ Intel Museum]
- [http://www.amdboard.com/pintospecial.html Intel vs. AMD saga]
- [http://www.inteltechnology.net/ Intel Technology]

Data

- [http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/13/13787.html Yahoo! - Intel Corporation Company Profile] Category:Electronics companies Category:Computer companies of the United States Category:Computer hardware companies Category:Electronics companies of the United States Category:Manufacturing companies of the United States Category:Fortune 500 companies Category:Companies traded on NASDAQ Category:Companies based in California Category:Companies based in Oregon ko:인텔 ja:インテル (企業) th:อินเทล

Derek Burney

Derek Hudson Burney is a Canadian businessman and former diplomat and political strategist. He was born in 1939 in Fort William, Ontario to George William Burney (1886-1951), a native of Westville, Pictou County, Nova Scotia, and Annie Mary MacKay (1906-1995). He is currently the president of the board of New Brunswick Power. Burney studied at Fort William Collegiate Institute and Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. He then entered the federal public service and the Canadian diplomatic corps, subsequently serving in Korea and Japan as ambassador. From 1987 to 1989 he served as Chief of Staff to Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. After leaving the post of Chief of Staff in 1989, Burney became Canada's ambassador to the United States. He would serve in this position until 1993. Burney was then hired by Bell Canada and worked as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the company from 1993 to 1999. He then moved to CAE Inc., serving as president and Chief Executive Officer until 2004. Among other things, he now teaches at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University. The board of directors that Burney now sits on include CanWest Global Communications, Quebecor World Inc., and Shell Canada. Burney was formerly a director of CAE Inc. as well. Burney has received many honours in recognition of his work. He was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1993, and has been conferred honourary Doctor of Laws degrees from Lakehead University, Queen's University, Carleton University, and Wilfrid Laurier University. Burney's son, also named Derek, was the president of Corel Corporation for several years.

References

- Burney, Derek. Getting it done : a memoir. Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005. ISBN 0773529268. Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek

CanWest Global Communications

CanWest Global Communications Corp. is Canada's largest international media company. The company's head office is situated in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Operations

See also: List of assets owned by CanWest Global Communications CanWest MediaWorks is the company's Canadian operating unit. It consists of:
- Global Television Network, a Canadian television network which reaches over 94% of the English-speaking population of Canada;
- CH, a second system of stations based in Hamilton, Ontario, Victoria, British Columbia, Montreal, Quebec, and (as of fall 2005) Red Deer, Alberta. Despite this small number, through repeaters and cable television it reaches the majority of major Canadian markets;
- specialty services including Prime and various digital services;
- a small number of Canadian radio stations;
- the former Southam newspaper chain, which includes the number-two national newspaper National Post, the broadsheet daily newspapers in most major markets, and several other smaller newspapers. CanWest is Canada's largest newspaper publisher;
- production, distribution, and Internet assets such as CanWest Entertainment and canada.com In New Zealand, CanWest MediaWorks NZ owns TV3, C4, and a number of radio networks and stations. CanWest also has significant interests in The Ten Group, parent of Australia's Network Ten, as well as the Republic of Ireland's TV3. For a long time it owned a minority interest in Ulster Television, the ITV1 franchise in Northern Ireland, however it was sold to various investors in 2004, CanWest having had little influence with the company.

Corporate governance

Board of directors

Current members of the board of directors of the company are: David Drybrough, Leonard Asper, David Asper, Gail Asper, Lloyd Barber, Derek Burney, Robert Daniels, Paul Godfrey, Frank King, and Lisa Pankratz. Former members of the board of directors of the company include: Izzy Asper and Frank McKenna.

Concentration of power

CanWest is often cited as an example of how the ownership of Canadian media has become concentrated in the hands of a few individuals and large corporations. CanWest founder Izzy Asper was known as a strong supporter of both Canada's Liberal Party and Israel's right-wing Likud party. Observers have suggested that Asper's political views have had a significant impact on news coverage at CanWest media outlets. For example, in 2002, Ottawa Citizen publisher Russell Mills was fired by CanWest after the paper published a series of articles exposing a financial scandal involving then prime minister Jean Chrétien. CanWest power in the marketplace is reflected in a new contract that freelance contributors must sign. Until recently, standard industry practise was that freelancers sold the rights for one time use and only in Canada. CanWest now requires that freelancers sign over all rights "throughout the universe in perpetuity".

Editorial controversies

Since the 2000 acquisition of the major former Canadian newspaper holdings of Conrad Black's Hollinger International, including CanWest News Service, significant concerns have been raised by journalists, labour, legislators and commentators about CanWest's enforcement of its corporate editorial positions. A 2001 decision to run regular uniform national editorials in all metropolitan dailies (except National Post), whereby local editorial boards could not take local positions on subjects of national editorials, ignited major national controversy and was subsequently withdrawn. Conflict over CanWest editorial control and policy has focused in particular on three issues:
- The Liberal Party of Canada. Since Israel Asper's leadership of the Manitoba Liberal Party, the Asper family has been identified with Liberal politics and politicians. In July 2001, Southam national affairs columnist Lawrence Martin, was fired after a column of his critical Liberal Prime Minister Jean Chrétien was not published. Russell Mills, longtime publisher of The Ottawa Citizen, was fired in June 2002 after the newspaper called on Chrétien to resign.
- The government of Israel and conflict in the Middle East. Veteran Montreal Gazette reporter Bill Marsden has said that the Aspers "do not want any criticism of Israel. We do not run in our newspaper op-ed pieces that express criticism of Israel and what it is doing." [http://www.queensjournal.ca/articlephp/point-vol129/issue37/editorials/lead2] In 2004, the Reuters news agency protested after CanWest altered newswire stories about the Iraq war and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, such that Reuters felt it had inserted CanWest's own bias under Reuters bylines. The changes were apparently made in accordance with a CanWest policy to label certain groups as terrorists. [http://ottawa.cbc.ca/regional/servlet/View?filename=ot_reuters20040917]
- CanWest editorial control and management itself. In December 2001, 77 staff at The Montreal Gazette signed a letter and launched a web page [http://www.fpjq.org/canwest/index.html] opposing the national editorial policy, and the reporters among them participated in a byline strike, refusing to sign their names to their stories in the newspaper in protest. Management responded with a gag order. The next year, several journalists left The Halifax Daily News over similar conflicts, and ten journalists at The Regina Leader-Post were reprimanded or suspended after a byline strike to protest censorship of coverage of a speech in Regina by Toronto Star columnist and CanWest critic Haroon Siddiqui.

External links

- [http://www.canwestglobal.com CanWest Global Communications official site]
- [http://www.cjr.org/tools/owners/canwest.asp Who Owns What: CanWest Global Communications] (Columbia Journalism Review)
- [http://www.adbusters.org/metas/corpo/canwestwatch/ CanWest Watch] (AdBusters)
- [http://www.yourmedia.ca/modules/canwest/overview/overview.shtml Focus on CanWest] (TNG Canada/CWA)
- [http://www.crtc.gc.ca/ownership/eng/title_org.htm#C CRTC chart of CanWest Global Communications' assets]
- [http://www.canwestglobal.com/international/australia.html CanWest Global International Holdings] Category:CanWest Global Communications Category: S&P/TSX Composite Index Category:New Zealand radio

Shell Canada

Shell Canada Limited is one of Canada's largest integrated oil companies. Exploration and production of oil and natural gas is a major part of its business, as well as the marketing of gasoline and related products through the company's approximately 1,800 stations across Canada. Shell Canada is part of the Royal Dutch Shell Group, but has its shares traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Shell Canada is based in Calgary, Alberta, and had sales of $4.6 billion in fiscal 2002.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of Shell Canada Limited are: Derek Burney, Ida Goodreau, Kerry Hawkins, David Kerr, W. Adrian Loader, Clive Mather, Ronald Osborne, Robert Routs, Raymond Soyer, and Nancy Southern. Other positions in the company are: CEO: Clive Mather. MD of Shell Canada Products: David Weston.

Shell Canada lawsuit

A settlement was reached in the class actions filed against Shell Canada Limited on behalf of persons who used Shell gasoline products between March 1, 2001 and April 15, 2002 and who incurred out-of-pocket expenses due to fuel system problems before July 31, 2002. The settlement applies to Canadian residents outside of Quebec. Under the settlement, Shell compensated people who owned or leased vehicles that were filled with at least $100 worth of Shell branded gasoline between March 1, 2001 and April 15, 2002 and that experienced fuel pump or fuel sensor problems before July 31, 2002. There are three classes of claims and compensation: People who owned or leased 1996-2002 Chrysler vehicles (except Jeeps) were fully reimbursed for fuel pump and fuel sensor repairs and for eligible out-of-pocket expenses. People who owned or leased other 1996-2002 vehicles and who can establish that the fuel pump or fuel-sending unit had a particular residue on it were reimbursed for eligible repairs and out-of-pocket costs to a maximum of $175. People who owned or leased pre-1996 vehicles and who can establish that the fuel pump or fuel-sending unit had a particular residue on it were reimbursed for eligible repairs and out-of-pocket expenses to a maximum of $100.

External link

- [http://www.shell.ca Shell Canada Official Website] Category:Petroleum companies of Canada Category:S&P/TSX Composite Index

Richard Currie

Richard J. Currie is a Canadian businessman. He currently sits on the board of directors of Bell Canada Enterprises, CAE, and Petro-Canada. Currie has received the Order of Canada. Currie, Richard Currie, Richard Currie, Richard

Anthony Fell

Anthony S. Fell is a Canadian businessman. He currently sits on the board of directors of multiple corporations, including Bell Canada Enterprises, CAE, and Loblaw Companies Ltd. Fell, Anthony Fell, Anthony

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